Cardamine

Cardamine is a large genus of flowering plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, known as bittercresses and toothworts. It contains more than 200 species of annuals and perennials.[1] Species in this genus can be found worldwide, except the Antarctic,[1] in diverse habitats. The name Cardamine is derived from the Greek kardamon, cardamom, an unrelated plant in the ginger family, used as a pungent spice in cooking.

Cardamine
Cardamine oligosperma
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Cardamine
L.
Synonyms[1]
  • Dentaria Tourn. ex L.
  • Dracamine Nieuwl.
  • Ghinia Bubani
  • Heterocarpus Phil.
  • Iti Garn.-Jones & P.N.Johnson
  • Loxostemon Hook.f. & Thomson
  • Sphaerotorrhiza (O.E.Schulz) A.P.Khokhr.

Description

The leaves can have different forms, from minute to medium in size. They can be simple, pinnate or bipinnate. They are basal and cauline (growing on the upper part of the stem), with narrow tips. They are rosulate (forming a rosette). The blade margins can be entire, serrate or dentate. The stem internodes lack firmness.

The nearly radially symmetrical flowers grow in a racemose many-flowered inflorescence or in corymbs. The white, pink or purple flowers are minute to medium-sized. The petals are longer than the sepals. The fertile flowers are hermaphroditic.

Taxonomy

The genus Cardamine was first formally named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum.[2] As of January 2019, there are 230 accepted species in Kew's Plants of the World Online database.[1] An additional 31 new species found in New Zealand were described in 2017 but are not listed in the Plants of the World Online as of January 2019.[3][1]

The genus name Dentaria is a commonly used synonym for some species of Cardamine.

Species
Main article: List of Cardamine species

Select species include:[1]

  • Cardamine amara L. – large bittercress
  • Cardamine angulata Hook. – seaside bittercress, angled bittercress
  • Cardamine angustata O.E.Schulz – slender toothwort
  • Cardamine bellidifolia L. – alpine bittercress, alpine cress
  • Cardamine bilobata Kirk
  • Cardamine breweri S.Watson – Brewer's bittercress
  • Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz – coralroot
  • Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. – bulbous bittercress, spring cress
  • Cardamine caldeirarum Guthnick ex Seub. – Azorean bittercress
  • Cardamine californica (Nutt.) Greene – milkmaids
  • Cardamine clematitis Shuttlew. ex S.Watson – small mountain bittercress
  • Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O.Schwarz – cutleaf toothwort, cut-leaved toothwort
  • Cardamine constancei Detling – Constance's bittercress
  • Cardamine cordifolia A.Gray – heartleaf bittercress, large Mountain bittercress
  • Cardamine corymbosa Hook.f. – New Zealand bittercress
  • Cardamine debilis DC. – roadside bittercress
  • Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph.Wood – crinkleroot, twin-leaved toothwort
  • Cardamine dissecta (Leavenw.) Al-Shehbaz – forkleaf toothwort
  • Cardamine douglassii Britton – limestone bittercress
  • Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz – drooping bittercress
  • Cardamine fargesiana Al-Shehbaz
  • Cardamine flagellifera O.E.Schulz – Blue Ridge bittercress
  • Cardamine flexuosa With. – woodland bittercress, wavy bittercress
  • Cardamine glacialis (G.Forst.) DC.
  • Cardamine gouldii Al-Shehbaz
  • Cardamine gunnii Hewson
  • Cardamine heptaphylla (Vill.) O.E.Schulz – pinnate coralroot
  • Cardamine hirsuta L. – hairy bittercress
  • Cardamine impatiens L. – narrowleaf bittercress
  • Cardamine jamesonii Hook.
  • Cardamine leucantha (Tausch) O.E.Schulz – Korean bittercress[4]
  • Cardamine longii Fernald – Long's bittercress
  • Cardamine lyrata Bunge
  • Cardamine macrocarpa Brandegee – largeseed bittercress
  • Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Alph.Wood – large toothwort
  • Cardamine micranthera Rollins – small-anthered bittercress, streambank bittercress
  • Cardamine microphylla Adams – small-leaf bittercress
  • Cardamine nuttallii Greene – Nuttall's toothwort
  • Cardamine nymanii Gand. – lady's smock
  • Cardamine occidentalis (S.Watson ex B.L.Rob.) Howell – big western bittercress
  • Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. – Idaho bittercress, little western bittercress
  • Cardamine pachystigma (S.Watson) Rollins – serpentine bittercress
  • Cardamine parviflora L. – sand bittercress, small-flowered bittercress
  • Cardamine pattersonii L.F.Hend. – Saddle Mountain bittercress
  • Cardamine penduliflora O.E.Schulz – Willamette Valley bittercress
  • Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. – Pennsylvania bittercress, Quaker bittercress
  • Cardamine pentaphyllos (L.) Crantz
  • Cardamine pratensis L. – cuckoo flower, lady's smock, meadow cress
  • Cardamine purpurascens (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz & al.
  • Cardamine purpurea Cham. & Schltdl. – purple bittercress
  • Cardamine raphanifolia Pourr. – greater cuckooflower
  • Cardamine rotundifolia Michx. – American bittercress, mountain watercress
  • Cardamine rupicola (O.E.Schulz) C.L.Hitchc. – cliff bittercress
  • Cardamine trifolia L. – trefoil cress
  • Cardamine uliginosa M.Bieb.

Ecology
Cardamine pratensis from Thomé: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885

This plant is also used as one of the main food sources for the butterfly Pieris oleracea.[5]

Uses

Some species were reputed to have medicinal qualities (treatment of heart or stomach ailments).

References
  1. "Cardamine L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  2. "Cardamine L." ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  3. Heenan, Peter B. (5 December 2017). "A taxonomic revision of Cardamine L. (Brassicaceae) in New Zealand". Phytotaxa. 330 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.330.1.1.
  4. English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 387. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  5. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=wright1431882480&disposition=inline
  • Taxonomic Revision of Cardamine
  • Lihová, J.; Marhold, K. (2003). "Taxonomy and distribution of the Cardamine pratensis group (Brassicaceae) in Slovenia". Phyton (Horn). 43: 241–261.
  • Lihová, J.; Marhold, K. & Neuffer, B. (2000). "Taxonomy of Cardamine amara in the Iberian Peninsula". Taxon. 49 (4): 747–763. doi:10.2307/1223975. JSTOR 1223975. S2CID 85625889.
  • Media related to Cardamine at Wikimedia Commons
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