Bud Powell

Powell's father was a stride pianist.[2] Powell started classical piano lessons at the age of five.[3] His teacher, hired by his father, was a West Indian man named Rawlins.[4] At ten, Powell showed interest in the swing music that could be heard all over the neighborhood. He first appeared in public at a rent party,[5] where he mimicked Fats Waller's playing style. The first jazz composition that he mastered was James P. Johnson's "Carolina Shout".[6] Powell's older brother, William, played trumpet and violin, and by the age of 15 Powell was playing in William's band.[7] Powell heard Art Tatum on the radio and tried to match his technique.[6] Powell's younger brother, Richie Powell, was also a noted bebop pianist.

In his youth Powell listened to the adventurous performances at Uptown House, a venue near his home. This was where Charlie Parker first appeared as a solo act when he briefly lived in New York.[8] Thelonious Monk played at Uptown House. When Monk met Powell[9] he introduced Powell to musicians who were starting to play bebop at Minton's Playhouse. Monk was a resident pianist, and he presented Powell as his protégé. Their mutual affection grew, and Monk became Powell's greatest mentor. Powell eagerly experimented with Monk's idea. Monk's composition "In Walked Bud" is a tribute to their time together in Harlem.[10] Powell was engaged in a series of dance bands, his incubation culminating in becoming the pianist for the swing orchestra of Cootie Williams. In late 1943 he was offered the chance to appear at a nightclub with the quintet of Oscar Pettiford and Dizzy Gillespie, but Powell's mother decided he would continue with the more secure job with the popular Williams.[11]

Powell was the pianist on a handful of Williams's recording dates in 1944. The last included the first recording of Monk's "'Round Midnight".[12] His job with Williams was terminated in Philadelphia in January 1945. After the band finished for the night, Powell wandered near Broad Street Station and was apprehended, drunk, by the private railroad police. He was beaten by them and incarcerated briefly by the city police. Ten days after his release, his headaches persisted and he was hospitalized at Bellevue, an observation ward, and then in a state psychiatric hospital sixty miles away. He remained there for two and a half months.[13]

Powell resumed playing in Manhattan after released.[11] In 1945–46 he recorded with Frank Socolow, Sarah Vaughan, Dexter Gordon, J. J. Johnson, Sonny Stitt, Fats Navarro, and Kenny Clarke.[14] Powell became known for his sight-reading and his skill at fast tempos.[14] On January 10, 1947, Powell recorded his first session as a leader, which included 8 pieces for De Luxe Records with Max Roach and Curly Russell as accompanists. The recordings were unreleased until 1949, when Roost Records bought the masters and released them on a series of 78 rpm records. Musicologist Guthrie Ramsey wrote of the session that "Powell proves himself the equal of any of the other beboppers in technique, versatility, and feeling."[15]

Charlie Parker chose Powell to be his pianist on a May 1947 quintet recording session with Miles Davis, Tommy Potter, and Max Roach; this was the only studio session in which Parker and Powell played together.[16]

The Parker session aside, Powell performed on two other records and seldom appeared at nightclubs in 1947. In November, he had an altercation with a customer at a bar in Harlem. In the ensuing fight, Powell was hit over his eye with a bottle. When the staff at Harlem Hospital found him incoherent and rambunctious, they sent him to Bellevue, which had a record of his previous confinements. He was sent to Creedmoor State Hospital, where he spent eleven months.[17] Powell adjusted to being in the hospital, though in psychiatric interviews he expressed feelings of persecution founded in racism.[18] From February to April 1948, he received electroconvulsive therapy[11] after an outburst which may have been prompted by learning from his girlfriend that she was pregnant with their child.[19] The electroconvulsive therapy was considered ineffective, so the doctors gave him a second series of treatments in May. He was released in October 1948.[11]

After a brief hospitalization in early 1949,[11] Powell made several recordings, most of them for Blue Note,[20] Mercury, Norgran, and Clef.[21] The first Blue Note session in August 1949 included Fats Navarro, Sonny Rollins, Tommy Potter and Roy Haynes, and the compositions "Bouncing with Bud" and "Dance of the Infidels". The second Blue Note session in 1951 was a trio with Curley Russell and Max Roach and included "Parisian Thoroughfare" and "Un Poco Loco".[14] The latter was selected by literary critic Harold Bloom for his short list of the greatest works of twentieth-century American art.[22] Sessions for Granz included Ray Brown, George Duvivier, Percy Heath, Roach, Russell, Lloyd Trotman, Art Blakey, Kenny Clarke, Osie Johnson, Buddy Rich, and Art Taylor.[14]

Powell's rivalry with Parker led to feuding and bitterness on the bandstand.[23] Contributing factors were Powell's worsening mental and physical health.[24] Powell recorded for Blue Note and Granz throughout the 1950s, interrupted by another stay in a mental hospital from late 1951 to early 1953 after being arrested for possession of marijuana. He was released into the guardianship of Oscar Goodstein, owner of the Birdland nightclub. A 1953 trio session for Blue Note with Duvivier and Taylor included Powell's composition "Glass Enclosure", inspired by his near-imprisonment in Goodstein's apartment.[25] On May 15, 1953 he played at Massey Hall in Toronto with the quintet, including Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Charles Mingus, and Max Roach. The performance was recorded and released by Debut Records as the album Jazz at Massey Hall.[14] After being released from the hospital, his piano playing was negatively affected by the Largactil he was taking as treatment for schizophrenia.[25] In 1956 his brother Richie Powell and trumpeter Clifford Brown were killed in a car crash.[26]

After several more periods in the hospital, Powell moved to Paris in 1959 with Altevia "Buttercup" Edwards, whom he had met after an incarceration in 1954.[27] The couple moved into the Hotel La Louisiane.[28] She managed his finances and his medicine. Powell continued to perform and record.

In 1963, Powell contracted tuberculosis. During the next year, he returned to New York to perform at Birdland with drummer Horace Arnold and bassist John Ore. His performances during these years were adversely affected by his alcoholism.[16] His emotions became unbalanced, and he was hospitalized in New York after months of erratic behavior and self-neglect. On July 31, 1966, he died of tuberculosis, malnutrition, and alcoholism.[29]

Bud Powell was influenced primarily by Thelonious Monk and Art Tatum.[30]

His solos imitated the attack of horn players, contained frequent arpeggios, and utilized much chromaticism.[16] According to author Alan Morrison, "Powell freed the right hand for continuous linear exploration at the expense of developing the left."[31]

His comping often consisted of single bass notes outlining the root and fifth. He used voicings of the root and the tenth or the root with the minor seventh.[32]