Bucranium

Bucranium (plural bucrania; Latin, from Greek βουκράνιον, referring to the skull of an ox) was a form of carved decoration commonly used in Classical architecture. The name is generally considered to originate with the practice of displaying garlanded, sacrificial oxen, whose heads were displayed on the walls of temples, a practice dating back to the sophisticated Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük in eastern Anatolia, where cattle skulls were overlaid with white plaster.

For the spider genus, see Bucranium (spider).
Garlanded bucrania on a frieze from the Samothrace temple complex
Bucranium on the frieze of the Temple of Vespasian and Titus in Rome.

Overview

In ancient Rome, bucrania were frequently used as metopes between the triglyphs on the friezes of temples designed with the Doric order of architecture. They were also used in bas-relief or painted decor to adorn marble altars, often draped or decorated with garlands of fruit or flowers, many of which have survived.

A rich and festive Doric order was employed at the Basilica Aemilia on the Roman Forum; enough of it was standing for Giuliano da Sangallo to make a drawing, c 1520, reconstructing the facade (Codex Vaticano Barberiniano Latino 4424); the alternation of the shallow libation dishes called paterae with bucrania in the metopes reinforced the solemn sacrificial theme.

While the presence of bucrania was typically used with the Doric order, the Romans were not strict about this. In a first-century fresco from Boscoreale, protected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius and now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, bucrania and cistae mysticae hang on ribbons from pegs that support garlands, evoking joyous fasti. At the Temple of Vesta, Tivoli, designed using the Corinthian order, motifs interpreted by the architect Andrea Palladio as conventional skull bucrania adorn the frieze,[1] although these are actually fleshed ox heads with eyes. Similarly, the Temple of Portunus in Rome, designed using the Ionic order, has bucrania in its frieze.[2]

In later years, the motif was used to embellish buildings of the Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical periods. Garlanded bucrania provide a repetitive motif in the plasterwork of the fine 18th-century Staircase Hall of The Vyne (Hampshire), inside the Pantheon at Stourhead (Wiltshire) and at Lacock Abbey (Wiltshire).[3]

See also

Notes
  1. Loth, Calder, "CLASSICAL COMMENTS: CAN WE TRUST PALLADIO? Antoine Desgodetz Details Palladio’s Inaccuracies" Archived 2014-07-02 at the Wayback Machine, Institute of Classical Architecture & Art, The Classicist Blog
  2. Loth, Calder, "CLASSICAL COMMENTS: Bucrania" Archived 2013-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, Institute of Classical Architecture & Art, The Classicist Blog
  3. See Loth "Bucrania" for many more examples

References

Further reading
  • George Hersey (1988). The Lost Meaning of Classical Architecture: Speculations on Ornament from Vitruvius to Venturi. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Chapter 2: "Architecture and Sacrifice".
  • Media related to Bucrania at Wikimedia Commons
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