Birkebeineren Ski Stadium

Birkebeineren Ski Stadium (Norwegian: Birkebeineren skistadion) is a cross-country skiing and biathlon venue located in Lillehammer, Norway. Situated 3 kilometers (2 mi) from the town center and at 485 meters (1,591 ft) above mean sea level, it has two stadium areas, one for cross-country and one for biathlon. The former has a capacity for 31,000 spectators, and the latter for 13,500. The venue was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics, costing 83.6 million Norwegian krone (NOK). It was subsequently used by the 1994 Winter Paralympics for Paralympic Nordic skiing and Paralympic biathlon. After the games, ownership was transferred to the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark. The venue has since been used for one Biathlon World Cup, three FIS Cross-Country World Cup and nine FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments, the latter with the ski jumping competition taking place at the nearby Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena. Birkebeineren hosted the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

Birkebeineren Ski Stadium
Full nameBirkebeineren skistadion
LocationLillehammer, Norway
Coordinates61°08′03″N 10°30′23″E
OwnerLillehammer Olympiapark
Capacity31,000 (cross-country)
13,500 (biathlon)
Record attendance100,000
Construction
Broke ground1991
Opened28 November 1992
Tenants
1994 Winter Olympics
1994 Winter Paralympics
FIS Cross-Country World Cup (1993, 2000, 2002, 2013-)
Biathlon World Cup (1993–97)
FIS Nordic Combined World Cup (1998, 2000, 2003, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2013-)
2016 Winter Youth Olympics

Construction

The location of the venue was decided in January 1990, following Lillehammer's successful bid to host the 1994 Winter Olympics. Construction was managed by the Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee (LOOC). Architects were 2Ø Arkitekter and the main consultant was Tonning & Lieng.[1] Construction started in early 1991, before planning was completed, and lasted until 1993. The construction work was subcontracted to several companies. Landscaping was completed in 1994. The facilities used concrete and wood as the main materials. The stadium included 3,000-square-meter (32,000 sq ft) of temporary buildings, a 1,620-square-meter (17,400 sq ft) building converted to a riding center after the Olympics, and a 3,200-square-meter (34,000 sq ft) tent. The land around the venue is a swamp, and most of the surface soil had to be removed and replaced with harder earth. The soil was used as fertilizer or fill in other parts of the arena. A creek had to be bypassed with a 220 meters (720 ft) long pipe. The arena is also so flat that a drainage system had to be installed. After the Olympics, four temporary overpasses were removed.[2] Construction of the tracks was done to minimize the impact on the forest.[3]

The venue cost NOK 83.6 million,[1] and was inaugurated on 28 November 1992 with an international biathlon competition.[4] In December 1992, the LOOC stated that they wanted to upgrade the stadium spectator capacity, but that the transport systems would not allow more people.[5] In 1993, the stadium had World Cup tournaments in biathlon and cross-country skiing as a trial before the Olympics. During several events, the computer system controlling the scoreboard and television scores collapsed. President Johan Baumann of the Norwegian Ski Federation criticized the venue and demanded that a new stadium be built. He stated that the stadium had been built to optimize television pictures, and that it had insufficient facilities for the spectators. In particular, he criticized the fact that the spectators were too far away from the skiers and the lack of a television screen and more scoreboards.[6] In May, the LOOC announced that the stadium would be expanded for another 6,000 people before the Olympics.[7] On 7 September, the ownership of the venue was transferred from the LOOC to Lillehammer Municipality via the subsidiary Lillehammer Olympiavekst, which later changed its name to Lillehammer Olympiapark.[8] In October, the forest along the tracks were partially cleared to allow spectators without tickets to watch the events.[9]

Facilities

The arena covers an area of 200 hectares (490 acres),[2] and is 3 kilometers (2 mi) from the town center.[1] For the Olympics, 27 kilometers (17 mi) of cross-country tracks and 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) of biathlon tracks were built. There are two stadiums, one for cross-country skiing and one for biathlon. The former has a spectator capacity for 31,000, while the latter has a capacity for 13,500.[2] In addition, up to 75,000 people watched the events the trackside during the Olympics.[10] Permanent buildings include a 214-square-meter (2,300 sq ft) finishing house for biathlon, a 155-square-meter (1,670 sq ft) finishing house for cross-country, a 355-square-meter (3,820 sq ft) plant room. The cross-country stadium is 200 square meters (2,200 sq ft) long, while the biathlon stadium is 150 square meters (1,600 sq ft) long.[2] The biathlon stadium has 30 shooting stations.[11] The facility has a 1,250 kVA transformer, with an additional transformer used during the Olympics. Critical systems, such as computers and time-keeping equipment, have an uninterruptible power supply.[2]

As a recreational venue, Birkebeineren connects to 450 kilometers (280 mi) of skiing tracks, including a 5 kilometers (3 mi) lighted track which is lit until 22:00 every day during winter, and is open to the public. During the summer, the tracks are available for jogging, running, roller skiing and similar activities. There is a café between the two stadiums, which also have dressing rooms and showers. The biathlon venue can be rented to hold private biathlon competition, with or without skis.[11]

The dominant means of transport during the Olympics was by railway. Spectators heading to Birkebeineren were transported by train to Hovemoen Station on the Dovre Line, and would then be transported by shuttle bus to the stadium. In addition, spectators from certain areas were transported by bus directly to the stadium.[12]

Events
Kazakh stamp depicting Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics

During the 1994 Winter Olympics, the venue hosted ten cross-country skiing events, six biathlon events and two Nordic combined events. Over 203,000 people applied for the 31,000 seats for the relay.[13] During the 1994 Winter Paralympics, the venue hosted the Paralympic Nordic skiing events and Paralympic biathlon.[11]

The FIS Cross-Country World Cup has been hosted three times, in 1993, 2000 and 2002, all in February or March.[14] The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been hosted seven times at the stadium, in 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2010. All tournaments have been held in December, and have seen the ski jumping competition hosted at Lysgårdsbakken, the Olympic ski jumping hill in Lillehammer.[15] Birkebeineren hosted Biathlon World Cup events from 1993 to 1997.[16] The stadium has also since 1992 been used as the goal area for Birkebeinerrennet, an annual ski marathon with thousands of participants.[17] It has also hosted the Norwegian Nordic Ski Championships in 1993.[18] Lillehammer hosted the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics[19]; the cross-country, Nordic combined and biathlon events took place at Birkebeineren.[20]

Results

The following is a list of all Winter Olympics and World Cup events to be held at the stadium. It includes date, sport (cross-country skiing, Nordic combined or biathlon), tournament, distance, and top three athletes (gold, silver and bronze).

DateSportTournamentDistanceGenderGoldSilverBronzeRef
4 March 1993BiathlonWorld Cup15 kmF Anfisa Reztsova Nathalie Santer Myriam Bédard[21]
4 March 1993BiathlonWorld Cup20 kmM Wilfried Pallhuber Ricco Groß Andreas Zingerle[22]
6 March 1993BiathlonWorld Cup7.5 kmF Anfisa Reztsova Svetlana Paramygina Antje Harvey[23]
6 March 1993BiathlonWorld Cup10 kmM Frank Luck Sven Fischer Ludwig Gredler[24]
9 March 1993Cross-countryWorld Cup5 km CF Trude Dybendal Hartz Lyubov Yegorova Manuela Di Centa[25]
9 March 1993Cross-countryWorld Cup5 km CF Lyubov Yegorova Manuela Di Centa Elena Välbe[26]
8 February 1994CombinedOlympics15 kmM Fred Børre Lundberg Takanori Kono Bjarte Engen Vik[27]
9 February 1994CombinedOlympics3 × 10 km teamM Japan Norway Switzerland[28]
13 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics15 km FF Manuela Di Centa Lyubov Yegorova Nina Gavrilyuk[29]
14 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics30 km FM Thomas Alsgaard Bjørn Dæhlie Mika Myllylä[30]
15 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics5 km CF Lyubov Yegorova Manuela Di Centa Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi[31]
17 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics15 km M pursuitF Lyubov Yegorova Manuela Di Centa Stefania Belmondo[32]
17 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics10 km CM Bjørn Dæhlie Vladimir Smirnov Marco Albarello[33]
18 February 1994BiathlonOlympics15 kmF Myriam Bédard Anne Briand Uschi Disl[34]
19 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics25 km M pursuitM Bjørn Dæhlie Vladimir Smirnov Silvio Fauner[35]
20 February 1994BiathlonOlympics20 kmM Sergei Tarasov Frank Luck Sven Fischer[36]
22 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics4 × 10 km relayM Italy Norway Finland[37]
22 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics4 × 5 km relayF Russia Norway Italy[38]
23 February 1994BiathlonOlympics15 kmF Myriam Bédard Svetlana Paramygina Valentina Tserbe-Nessina[39]
23 February 1994BiathlonOlympics20 kmM Sergei Tchepikov Ricco Groß Sergei Tarasov[40]
24 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics30 km CF Manuela Di Centa Marit Mikkelsplass Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi[41]
25 February 1994BiathlonOlympics4 × 7.5 km relayF Russia Germany France[42]
26 February 1994BiathlonOlympics4 × 7.5 km relayM Germany Russia France[43]
27 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics50 km CM Vladimir Smirnov Mika Myllylä Sture Sivertsen[44]
16 March 1995BiathlonWorld Cup15 kmF Svetlana Paramygina Nadezhda Talanova Galina Koukleva[45]
16 March 1995BiathlonWorld Cup20 kmM Vesa Hietalahti Ludwig Gredler Peter Sendel[46]
18 March 1995BiathlonWorld Cup7.5 kmF Galina Koukleva Anne Briand Emmanuelle Claret[47]
18 March 1995BiathlonWorld Cup10 kmM Viktor Maigourov Johann Passler Ole Einar Bjørndalen[48]
30 November 1996BiathlonWorld Cup15 kmF Petra Behle Simone Greiner-Petter-Memm Olga Melnik[49]
30 November 1996BiathlonWorld Cup20 kmM Sven Fischer Sergei Tarasov Pavel Rostovtsev[50]
1 December 1996BiathlonWorld Cup7.5 kmF Simone Greiner-Petter-Memm Galina Koukleva Magdalena Forsberg[51]
1 December 1996BiathlonWorld Cup10 kmM Sven Fischer Pavel Rostovtsev René Cattarinussi[52]
6 December 1997BiathlonWorld Cup10 kmM Frank Luck Ole Einar Bjørndalen Raphael Poiree[53]
6 December 1997BiathlonWorld Cup7.5 kmF Galina Koukleva Olga Melnik Magdalena Forsberg[54]
7 December 1997BiathlonWorld Cup20 kmM Alexei Aidarov Halvard Hanevold Pavel Mouslimov[55]
7 December 1997BiathlonWorld Cup15 kmF Galina Koukleva Magdalena Forsberg Uschi Disl[56]
27 November 1998CombinedWorld Cup15 kmM Bjarte Engen Vik Ladislav Rygl Hannu Manninen[57]
29 November 1998CombinedWorld Cup7.5 kmM Hannu Manninen Felix Gottwald Bjarte Engen Vik[58]
5 February 2000Cross-countryWorld Cup5+5 kmF Larissa Lazutina Olga Danilova Svetlana Nageykina[59]
5 February 2000Cross-countryWorld Cup10+10 kmM Jari Isometsä Johann Mühlegg Michail Botvinov[60]
29 December 2000CombinedWorld Cup15 kmM Kristian Hammer Bjarte Engen Vik Samppa Lajunen[61]
30 December 2000CombinedWorld Cup7.5 kmM Bjarte Engen Vik Samppa Lajunen Ladislav Rygl[62]
23 March 2002Cross-countryWorld Cup58 km C MSF Anita Moen Vibeke Skofterud Manuela Henkel[63]
23 March 2002Cross-countryWorld Cup58 km C MSM Thomas Alsgaard Anders Aukland Frode Estil[64]
3 December 2005CombinedWorld Cup15 kmM Hannu Manninen Felix Gottwald Ronny Ackermann[65]
3 December 2005CombinedWorld Cup7.5 kmM Hannu Manninen Todd Lodwick Ronny Ackermann[66]
2 December 2006CombinedWorld Cup15 kmM Magnus Moan Sebastian Haseney Hannu Manninen[67]
3 December 2006CombinedWorld Cup7.5 kmM Christoph Bieler Anssi Koivuranta Maxime Laheurte[68]
5 December 2009CombinedWorld Cup10 kmM Jason Lamy-Chappuis Petter Tande Eric Frenzel[69]
6 December 2009CombinedWorld Cup10 kmM Tino Edelmann Anssi Koivuranta Jason Lamy-Chappuis[70]
4 December 2010CombinedWorld Cup10 kmM Mikko Kokslien Jason Lamy-Chappuis Felix Gottwald[71]
5 December 2010CombinedWorld Cup10 kmM Jason Lamy-Chappuis Mikko Kokslien Mario Stecher[72]

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Bibliography
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