Beni-Amer people

The Beni-Amer, also known as Beni-Amir (sometimes simply as Amer or Nabtab), are a population inhabiting northeast Africa.[1] They are considered by some to comprise a subgroup of the Beja people. They live in eastern Sudan and Eritrea.[1][2] They are mostly Muslim and constitute the largest tribal confederation in Eritrea.[3]

Beni-Amer
(of Beja people)
Total population
~0.3 million
Regions with significant populations
 Eritrea,  Sudan
Languages
Tigre
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
other Beja people

Demographics and distribution

Some 300,000 people in northeastern Africa belong to the Beni-Amer ethnic group. They live near the Red Sea around the borders of Eritrea and Sudan.[1][2] The majority having settled permanently in Sudan or mixed into the larger pastoralist communities of Eritrea.

The Beni-Amer people probably emerged in the fourteenth century AD from the intermixing of the Beja and the Tigre. The Beni-Amer occupy the borders between much of Eritrea's Barka valley, Port Sudan Tokar, and the Kassala areas of eastern Sudan.. The majority of the Beni-Amir currently speak Arabic, which is the primary language in Sudan, as well as Beja or Tigre, which belong to the Afro-Asiatic language family.[4]

History
Distribution of the Beni-Amer people (approx)

The Beni-Amer people became politically significant in the 16th-century when their founder Amer Kunu – the son of a Muslim holy man named Ali Nabit[5] – joined forces with the Funj and the Ja'alin to defeat the Belew rulers of Eritrea and the surrounding region. Amer's descendants, or Beni-Amer in Arabic, became the new ruling class called Nabtabs who allied themselves with Diglal as the paramount chief ruler.[3][6] A confederation of many subtribes accepted the new rule, and these therefrom have been the Beni-Amer people.[3][7]

The Beni Amer remained aligned to the Funj, and paid annual tribute to them until 1821. They became a party to the Italian colonialism when they partnered with the Italians to defeat the Sudanese Mahdiyya in the 1880s. During World War II, the Beni Amer ruling class supported the Italians. The defeat of Italy led to a regional power shake up and reduction in the military powers of the Beni Amer.[8]

Social stratification

The Beni Amer people have a highly stratified social structure.[2][3] The ruling caste, that consider themselves to be true descendants of Amer or Nabtab, have controlled the economic and political decisions. They constitute less than 10% of their total population.[2][6][3] The others members of the Nabtab family belong to the Hedarab, Hadendowa, and Tigre.[2] During the British occupation, author James C. Olson claimed the other descendants of the Nabtab line played a subservient role to the Beni Amir and were relegated to a serf caste.[2][3] Major subdivisions of Tigre, which at 35%, are the second largest group in Eritrea were occupationally isolated, such as the Almada and Asfada could produce and supply milk, but Hamasein, Abhasheila and Wilinnoho were not allowed to.[7] The Nabtabs also levied taxes and collected periodic tributes from his serfs.[7]

According to Paul, ever since Amer Kunu came to power, intermarriage between Nabtab and Tigre castes were forbidden and the caste distinctions were strictly enforced.[5] This was successfully accomplished by the small elite, states Paul, through the "force of arms".[9]

Livelihood

They lead a tribal pastoral life, with those in the northern territories raising camels, and the southerners raising cattle. In contemporary era, many have adopted a farming lifestyle and become migrant wage labor providers.[2]

References
  1. Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  2. James Stuart Olson (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
  3. Dan Connell; Tom Killion (2010). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow. pp. 119, 121–122, 280. ISBN 978-0-8108-7505-0.
  4. Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 162, 167. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  5. A. Paul (2012). A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-1-107-64686-5.
  6. SH Longrigg (2012), “Diglal”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Editors: P. Bearman et al, BRILL Academic, ISBN 978-9004161214, Quote: "Diglal. The title of the hereditary ruler of the Banī ʿĀmir tribal group in the Agordat district of western Eritrea and in the eastern Sudan; he is also senior member of the aristocratic Nabtab class or caste."
  7. A. Paul (2012). A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–88. ISBN 978-1-107-64686-5.
  8. Dan Connell; Tom Killion (2010). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-8108-7505-0.
  9. A. Paul (2012). A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–84, 86. ISBN 978-1-107-64686-5.

Bibliography
  • Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, ed. Count Gleichen (London, 1905);
  • A. H. Keane, Ethnology of Egyptian Sudan (1884);

Further reading

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Beni-Amer" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 737.

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