Bebenhausen Abbey

Bebenhausen in 1683, engraving by Andreas Kieser

Following the death of the last Catholic abbot of Bebenhausen on 21 December 1534, half of the 36 monks at the monastery professed the Lutheran faith.[1] The next year, Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, took over and dissolved the abbey. He gave the converted monks a pension of 40 guilders, while those who had remained Catholic were expelled without compensation.[7] Most of the latter went to Salem Abbey or Stams Abbey in the Tyrol, while the former went to Tennenbach Abbey, which no longer had any monastic monks.[1] Ulrich would also, in 1537, demolish the church's nave and recycled its masonry for Hohentübingen Castle.[3]

Ulrich's son and successor, Christoph, issued a Church Order in 1559 that made education mandatory for every male inhabitant of the Duchy. It also established Protestant seminaries in all 13 former Catholic monasteries within its borders.[8] Discipline at these schools, where the speaking of German was forbidden in favor of Latin, was harsh and they were often not very well supplied with foodstuffs.[9] In 1560, a boarding school was opened on the abbey's grounds.[10] It operated until 1806.[7] During the Thirty Years' War, the Cistercians re-occupied the abbey, but were expelled for the last time in 1648.[10] Two years later, Johannes Valentinus Andreae, who had in 1645 made Württemberg the first European state to extend compulsory education to every citizen, was appointed director of Bebenhausen's seminary.[11]

Johann Baptist Seele's 1813–14 landscape painting of the Festival of Diana, located at the Museum der Alltagskultur

After German mediatization, Bebenhausen was officially annexed in 1807 to the Kingdom of Württemberg.[10] The Kingdom's first King, Frederick I,[2] turned the abbot's house into a hunting retreat. From that retreat, Frederick celebrated his 58th birthday held several days of feasting and hunting, called the "Festival of Diana". Temporary structures were built around the monastery by court architect Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret.[6] Frederick's son and successor, William I, though he never resided at Bebenhausen, began extensively restoring the monastery in 1850. William's own son and heir, Charles I also spent his autumns at Bebenhausen, and tasked architect August Beyer with renovating the palace's rooms.[12]

Württemberg's final monarchs, William II and Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe, were avid hunters and spent two weeks of every autumn at Bebenhausen.[6][13] The couple entertained a large amount of guests at Bebenhausen, including Emperor Wilhelm II in 1893.[13]

On 9 November 1918, revolutionaries occupied the Wilhelmspalais in Stuttgart. William II and Charlotte left the capital for Bebenhausen and there abdicated a few days later.[14] The couple was allowed to remain at Bebenhausen for the duration of their lives,[7][12] and they did.[14][15] William II never returned to Stuttgart; when he died in 1921, he was laid to rest at Ludwigsburg Palace.[14] Charlotte died at Bebenhausen in 1946, after spending the duration of World War II trying to bolster local spirits.[15]

Following the conclusion of World War II, Germany was divided into French, American, British, and Russian zones of occupation. The French zone covered over half of Baden and some of Württemberg,[16] areas further divided into South Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern.[17] The French civilian government established itself in Baden-Baden, while military headquarters was in Freudenstadt,[18] not far from Württemberg-Hohenzollern's capital at Tübingen. To head Württemberg-Hohenzollern, the French ordered Carlo Schmid,[17] a half-French lawyer who had greeted French forces at Tübingen,[19] to form a civilian government. To this end, elections for an advisory board were held on 17 November 1946, and the 65 elected persons met at Bebenhausen Abbey on 17 November. After a constitutional referendum and a general election, both held on 18 May 1947, work began on a constitution for Württemberg-Hohenzollern. A total of 118 meetings were held in the winter refectory from 3 June 1947 until the state of Baden-Württemberg was formed in 1952.[17]

Bebenhausen Abbey was named a protected monumented in 1974.[1]

The Church of St. Mary from the northeast

Construction of the church began in the late 12th century, but was completed relatively quickly and then consecrated in 1228. It was typical for Cistercian churches, being dedicated to the Virgin Mary and consisting of three aisles and a flat roof. Over the 14th century, the church was renovated in the Gothic style; the choir windows were added, as was a new altar in the northern transept that is no longer extant. More changes were made to the church in the 16th century, when the roof was replaced with star and net vaults, and 19 opulent alters were installed. Duke Charles Eugene removed most of the glazing of the choir windows to Hohenheim Palace in 1781. The church presently contains and displays later Renaissance and Baroque paintings, epitaphs, and tombs. The organ and galleries were added to the church in the 19th century.[3]

The ridge turret on top of the abbey church, ornate and made of stone, violated the code of the Cistercians, which mandated a simple spire made of wood.[22] The turret was designed by a Cistercian monk called Brother George from Salem Abbey.[3]

The chapter house was, after the church, the second most important space in the abbey during its monastic operation. The building, built from 1217 to 1228, is square-shaped and divided into three rows of bays. The ceilings were painted in 1528 with images of flowers and the instruments of the Passion. Restorations of these paintings were undertaken under King Charles I. Inside is a small chapel, dedicated to John the Apostle in 1224, and seven tomb slabs. Among them are the tombs of Rudolph I, Count Palatine of Tübingen and his wife.[23] Rudolph's tomb, adjacent to the chapel's entrance, has been opened many times since 1219 and is presently at rest upside-down.[24]

The lavatorium seen from the cloister garden

The cloister was first completed in the last years of the 13th century, but then underwent major renovation in the 15th century. This work lasted into the next century. In the operation of the abbey, each side of the cloister had a specific function. The north side, next to the church, was used for evening liturgy; the east wing was where the lay brothers listened to the meetings of the brother monks; the south side was the entrance to the lavatorium; the west side was the route the lay brothers took into the abbey church. The fountains of the lavatorium no longer exists, but its Gothic star vaulting remains.[25] The cloister garden is divided into four sections of grass by a cruciform white gravel path lined with hedges. At its center is a 19th century fountain, replacing a medieval well.[26]

Stairs up to the monks' sleeping quarters. At the end of the hall is Lustnau's Gothic window

In accordance with Cistercian doctrine, the east and west sides of the monastery are made up by the monks and lay brothers' dormitories respectively. Sleeping quarters in either building were on the second floor. As completed in 1216–17, the monks' dormitory was a large hall with tiled floors and barrel vaulted ceiling. In the 14th century, Abbot Lustnau added the Gothic window at the south end of the hall. His successor, Fridingen, converted the dormitory into cells for the monks and replaced the original ceiling with a flat one. The murals of flowers and inscriptions were painted in 1523 and restored in the early 20th century. When Bebenhausen Monastery became a hunting retreat, the monks' dorms were again remodeled to accommodate guests. In the 1940s, they also housed members of Württemberg-Hohenzollern's parliament and accordingly received modern bathrooms.[27]

The summer refectory was rebuilt in 1335 following a fire in the Gothic style and then restored in 1873 by Charles I in the Gothic Revival style. The hall, floored with glazed tiles, is furnished with Gothic wood paneling and bench all along the walls. Three narrow and octagonal pillars hold up more star vaults, which are covered with medieval frescoes. Outside, further support is provided by a series of buttresses. A miniature of the church's steeple crowns the summer refectory's roof. When Bebenhausen was a royal residence, the summer refectory also contained suits of plate armor and trophies of arms.[28] On display inside the summer refectory are gold and silver tableware produced by the Schleissner silversmith company between 1870 and 1875. The pieces, some of the oldest known examples of Schleissner work, were originally on display in the Blue Hall.[29]

The winter refectory was the lay brothers' dining hall, modified under the final Catholic abbot of the monastery with heated floors. This hall is also furnished according to the Gothic Revival style, and still contains its 19th century dining table and chairs. The walls are painted with coats of arms, vines, and images of hunting, and with a mural depicting the acts of the Knights of Calatrava, a Spanish religious military order. A wooden barrel vault forms the hall's ceiling.[28]

The bridge from Bebenhausen Palace (right) to the monks' dormitory (left), pictured from the south

Bebenhausen Palace's two halls, the Blue and Green Halls, were created for receptions and banquets out of the monastery's guesthouse and the abbot's kitchen respectively. The guesthouse was transformed into the Blue Hall in 1870 The Blue Hall was furnished by King Charles I with hunting trophies, a replica chandelier and dining set copied from a manor in Ulm, pieces of Charles Eugene's majolica collection, and the sword of the first Duke of Württemberg, Eberhard the Bearded.[30]

Queen Charlotte's apartment was previously that of Charles I. The suite was renovated for her in 1915–16 into the present arrangement of antechamber, bedroom, dressing room, bathroom, drawing room, and music room. All are clad in Art Nouveau wallpapers. Charlotte's antechamber is adorned with hunting trophies, some bearing her monogram, acquired between 1899 and 1917. Her drawing room is lined with Renaissance wood paneling and contains six 17th and 18th century Dutch paintings. In the west wall is an additional painting, by Julius Mössel, of Nachod Palace, where Charlotte grew up. The drawing room and bathroom were thoroughly modernized and are comparatively plain.[31]

Above the former abbot's kitchen is William II's apartment, produced from 1868 to 1870 in an enfilade, in the Gothic and Renaissance Revival styles. Of the four rooms of his apartment, William II only occupied two of them. Further expansion of the suite was planned after the completion of Charlotte's suite, but was cancelled in 1918.[32]

On the ground floor of the Kapff building is the palace kitchen, which was massively expanded in 1913 from its original 26 meters (85 ft) and refurnished three years later. During the palace's operation as a residence, the kitchen would have been staffed by the Stuttgart kitchen and confectionery staff.[33] Above the kitchen is the Green Hall, an addition made by William II in 1915–16 to replace a guest suite occupied by Charles Woodcock, Charles I's lover. The hall is connected to the kitchen by a narrow iron staircase,[30] which was used by waitstaff to bring food up to the Green Hall.[33]