Argyrodes

Argyrodes, also called dewdrop spiders, is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1864.[4] They occur worldwide, and are best known for their kleptoparasitism. They can spin their own webs, but tend to invade and reside in their hosts' webs.[5] This relationship can be commensal or even mutual if the dewdrop spider feeds on small trapped insects that are not eaten by the host.[6] Some species can even prey upon the host.[5]

Dewdrop spiders
Temporal range: Neogene– Present
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Theridiidae
Genus: Argyrodes
Simon, 1864[1]
Type species
A. argyrodes
(Walckenaer, 1841)
Species

93, see text

Synonyms[1]

Most species are relatively small, and many are black with silvery markings. A. incursus has a body length of 3 to 4.5 millimetres (0.12 to 0.18 in),[7] while A. fissifrons has a body length of about 12 millimetres (0.47 in).[6]

The genus name is a combination of the Ancient Greek "argyros" (άργυρος), meaning "silver", and the suffix "-odes", meaning "like".[4]

Distribution

Most Argyrodes are found in the tropics, though fifteen species are found in the United States.[5] Dewdrop spiders prefer large webs and clustered webs compared to small and isolated ones. Large webs tend to have more kleptoparasites than smaller ones. Isolated webs tend to have lesser number of kleptoparasites compared to clustered webs of the same size.[8]

Species

As of May 2020 it contains ninety-three species and five subspecies, found in Asia, South America, North America, Oceania, Africa, the Caribbean, on the Canary Islands, and Saint Helena:[1]

  • A. abscissus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – Madagascar
  • A. alannae Grostal, 1999 – Eastern Australia
  • A. ambalikae Tikader, 1970 – India
  • A. amboinensis Thorell, 1878 – Indonesia (Sulawesi, Ambon), New Guinea, New Caledonia
  • A. antipodianus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand
  • A. apiculatus Thorell, 1895 – Myanmar
  • A. argentatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – India, Indonesia to China. Introduced to Hawaii
  • A. argyrodes (Walckenaer, 1841) (type) – Mediterranean to West Africa, Seychelles
  • A. atriapicatus Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
  • A. bandanus Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Banda Is.)
  • A. benedicti Lopez, 1988 – French Guiana
  • A. binotatus Rainbow, 1915 – Australia
  • A. bonadea (Karsch, 1881) – India, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines
  • A. borbonicus Lopez, 1990 – Réunion
  • A. callipygus Thorell, 1895 – Myanmar
  • A. calmettei Lopez, 1990 – Réunion
  • A. chionus Roberts, 1983 – Seychelles (Aldabra)
  • A. chiriatapuensis Tikader, 1977 – India (Andaman Is.)
  • A. chounguii Lopez, 2010 – Mayotte
  • A. coactatus Lopez, 1988 – French Guiana
  • A. cognatus (Blackwall, 1877) – Seychelles
  • A. convivans Lawrence, 1937 – South Africa
  • A. cylindratus Thorell, 1898 – China, Myanmar to Japan
  • A. cyrtophorae Tikader, 1963 – India
  • A. delicatulus Thorell, 1878 – Indonesia (Ambon)
  • A. dipali Tikader, 1963 – India
  • A. elevatus Taczanowski, 1873 – USA to Argentina, Galapagos Is.
  • A. exlineae (Caporiacco, 1949) – Kenya
  • A. fasciatus Thorell, 1892 – Malaysia, Singapore
  • A. fissifrons O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 – Sri Lanka to Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, Australia (Queensland)
  • A. fissifrontellus Saaristo, 1978 – Seychelles
  • A. flavescens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – India, Sri Lanka to Japan, New Guinea
  • A. flavipes Rainbow, 1916 – Australia (Queensland)
  • A. fragilis Thorell, 1877 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
  • A. gazedes Tikader, 1970 – India
  • A. gazingensis Tikader, 1970 – India
  • A. gemmatus Rainbow, 1920 – Australia (Lord Howe Is.)
  • A. gouri Tikader, 1963 – India
  • A. gracilis (L. Koch, 1872) – Australia (Lord Howe Is.), New Caledonia, Samoa
  • A. hawaiiensis Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
  • A. ilipoepoe Rivera & Gillespie, 2010 – Hawaii
  • A. incertus Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary Is.
  • A. incisifrons Keyserling, 1890 – Australia (Queensland)
  • A. incursus Gray & Anderson, 1989 – Australia (New South Wales, Lord Howe Is.)
  • A. insectus Schmidt, 2005 – Cape Verde Is.
  • A. jamkhedes Tikader, 1963 – India
  • A. kratochvili (Caporiacco, 1949) – Kenya
  • A. kualensis Hogg, 1927 – Malaysia
  • A. kulczynskii (Roewer, 1942) – New Guinea
  • A. kumadai Chida & Tanikawa, 1999 – China, Taiwan, Japan
  • A. laja Rivera & Gillespie, 2010 – Hawaii
  • A. lanyuensis Yoshida, Tso & Severinghaus, 1998 – Taiwan
  • A. latifolium Liu, Irfan & Peng, 2019 – China
  • A. lepidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – New Zealand
  • A. levuca Strand, 1915 – Fiji
  • A. lucmae Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru
  • A. maculiger Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Kei Is.)
  • A. margaritarius (Rainbow, 1894) – Australia (New South Wales)
  • A. mellissi (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870) – St. Helena
  • A. mertoni Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
  • A. miltosus Zhu & Song, 1991 – China
  • A. minax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – Madagascar, Comoros
  • A. miniaceus (Doleschall, 1857) – Korea, Japan to Australia
  • A. modestus Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon
  • A. nasutus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – Sri Lanka
  • A. neocaledonicus Berland, 1924 – New Caledonia
  • A. nephilae Taczanowski, 1873 – USA, Caribbean to Argentina, Galapagos Is. Introduced to India
  • A. parcestellatus Simon, 1909 – Vietnam
  • A. pluto Banks, 1906 – USA, Mexico, Jamaica
  • A. praeacutus Simon, 1903 – Equatorial Guinea
  • A. projeles Tikader, 1970 – India
  • A. rainbowi (Roewer, 1942) – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
  • A. reticola Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
  • A. rostratus Blackwall, 1877 – Seychelles
  • A. samoensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – New Caledonia, Samoa
  • A. scapulatus Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 – Cape Verde Is.
  • A. scintillulanus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – India, Sri Lanka
  • A. sextuberculosus Strand, 1908 – Mozambique, Madagascar
    • Argyrodes s. dilutior (Caporiacco, 1940) – Ethiopia
  • A. strandi (Caporiacco, 1940) – Ethiopia
  • A. stridulator Lawrence, 1937 – South Africa
  • A. sublimis L. Koch, 1872 – Fiji
  • A. sundaicus (Doleschall, 1859) – Thailand, Indonesia (Java), Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
  • A. tenuis Thorell, 1877 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)
    • Argyrodes t. infumatus Thorell, 1878 – Indonesia (Ambon)
  • A. tripunctatus Simon, 1877 – Philippines
  • A. unimaculatus (Marples, 1955) – Samoa, Tongatabu, Niue
  • A. vatovae (Caporiacco, 1940) – Ethiopia
  • A. viridis (Vinson, 1863) – Madagascar, Réunion
  • A. vittatus Bradley, 1877 – New Guinea
  • A. weyrauchi Exline & Levi, 1962 – Peru
  • A. wolfi Strand, 1911 – New Guinea
  • A. yunnanensis Xu, Yin & Kim, 2000 – China
  • A. zhui Zhu & Song, 1991 – China
  • A. zonatus (Walckenaer, 1841) – Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), East Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Mayotte

Formerly included:

  • A. aculeatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. acuminatus Keyserling, 1891 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. acuminatus (Schenkel, 1953) (Transferred to Chrysso)
  • A. affinis (Lessert, 1936) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. alticeps Keyserling, 1891 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. altus Keyserling, 1891 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. amates Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. americanus (Taczanowski, 1874) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. analiae González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. andamanensis Tikader, 1977 (Transferred to Meotipa)
  • A. angulipalpis (Thorell, 1877) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. anomalus (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) (Transferred to Synotaxus)
  • A. argenteolus (Simon, 1873) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. argentiopunctatus Rainbow, 1916 (Transferred to Thwaitesia)
  • A. argyrodiformis (Yaginuma, 1952) (Transferred to Meotipa)
  • A. arthuri Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. atopus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. baboquivari Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. barycephalus Roberts, 1983 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. birgitae (Strand, 1917) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. bryantae Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. campestratus (Simon, 1903) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. canariensis (Schmidt, 1956) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. cancellatus (Hentz, 1850) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. carnicobarensis Tikader, 1977 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. caronae González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. caudatus (Taczanowski, 1874) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. ceraosus Zhu & Song, 1991 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. chicaensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. chickeringi Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. cochleaformus (Exline, 1945) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. colubrinus (Keyserling, 1890) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. cometes (L. Koch, 1872) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. concisus Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. conus González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. convolutus Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. cordillera (Exline, 1945) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. corniger (Simon, 1900) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. cristinae González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. crucinotus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 (Transferred to Leucauge)
  • A. cubensis Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. cylindricus Franganillo, 1936 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. cylindrogaster (Simon, 1889) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. darlingtoni Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. davisi Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. delicatulus (Simon, 1883) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. dracus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. duckensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. ecaudatus (Keyserling, 1884) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. exiguus Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. fictilium (Hentz, 1850) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. flagellum (Doleschall, 1857) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. flagellum (Simon, 1901) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. flavonotatus (Urquhart, 1890) (Transferred to Tekelloides)
  • A. floridanus Banks, 1900 (Transferred to Coleosoma)
  • A. frontatus Banks, 1908 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. fulvus Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. fur Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. gansuensis Zhu, 1998 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. gapensis Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. gertschi Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. globosus Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. godmani Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. haitensis Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. helminthoides (Simon, 1907) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. huangsangensis Yin, Peng & Bao, 2004 (Transferred to Spheropistha)
  • A. hyrcanus Logunov & Marusik, 1990 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. iguazuensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. indignus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. irroratus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. jamaicensis Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. jeanneli (Berland, 1920) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. labiatus Zhu & Song, 1991 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. lactifer (Simon, 1909) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. laraensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. leonensis Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. levii Zhu & Song, 1991 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. longispinus Saito, 1933 (Transferred to Cyclosa)
  • A. longissimus (Keyserling, 1891) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. longus (Kulczyński, 1905) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. manta (Exline, 1945) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. mariae González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. martinae (Exline, 1950) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. melanosoma (Yaginuma, 1957) (Transferred to Spheropistha)
  • A. metaltissimus (Soares & Camargo, 1948) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. mexicanus Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. miyashitai Tanikawa, 1998 (Transferred to Spheropistha)
  • A. monoceros (Caporiacco, 1947) (Transferred to Synotaxus)
  • A. montanus Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. morretensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. nasicus (Simon, 1873) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. nataliae González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. nigronodosus Rainbow, 1912 (Transferred to Thwaitesia)
  • A. nigroris Yoshida, Tso & Severinghaus, 2000 (Transferred to Spheropistha)
  • A. nipponicus Kumada, 1990 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. obscurus Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. orbitus Zhu, 1998 (Transferred to Spheropistha)
  • A. oris González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. ornatissimus (Dyal, 1935) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. pachysomus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. palmarensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. paradoxus Taczanowski, 1873 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. parvior Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. parvus (Exline, 1950) (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. patersoniensis (Hickman, 1927) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. pavesii (Leardi, 1902) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. peruensis Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. pignalitoensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. pizai (Soares & Camargo, 1948) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. plaumanni Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. pozonae (Schenkel, 1953) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. proboscifer (Exline, 1945) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. pulcher (Soares & Camargo, 1948) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. pusillus Saaristo, 1978 (Transferred to Argyrodella)
  • A. quasiobtusus Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. recurvatus Saaristo, 1978 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. remotus (Bryant, 1940) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. rhomboides Yin, Peng & Bao, 2004 (Transferred to Spheropistha)
  • A. rigidus Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. rioensis Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. rorerae (Exline, 1945) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. rossi Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. rostratus (Simon, 1873) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. rufopictus (Thorell, 1895) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. russulus (Simon, 1903) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. saganus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. schlingeri Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. setipes (Hasselt, 1882) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. sicki Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. simoni (Petrunkevitch, 1911) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. sinicus Zhu & Song, 1991 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. sinuatus (Schenkel, 1953) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. sjostedti (Tullgren, 1910) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. socius Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. solidao Levi, 1967 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. spinicaudatus (Keyserling, 1884) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. spinosus (Badcock, 1932) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. spinosus Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. striatus Keyserling, 1891 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. subflavus Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. sullana (Exline, 1945) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. taeter Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. tanikawai (Yoshida, 2001) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. triangularis Taczanowski, 1873 (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. triangulatus (Urquhart, 1887) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. triangulus (Thorell, 1887) (Transferred to Ariamnes)
  • A. trigonum (Hentz, 1850) (Transferred to Neospintharus)
  • A. trituberculatus Becker, 1879 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. ululabilis Keyserling, 1891 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. urquharti (Bryant, 1933) (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. v-notatus (Petrunkevitch, 1925) (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. vadoensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. velhaensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Rhomphaea)
  • A. vexus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. vittatulus (Roewer, 1942) (Transferred to Chrysso)
  • A. woytkowskii Exline & Levi, 1962 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. xiphias Thorell, 1887 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. yacuiensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)
  • A. yesoensis Saito, 1934 (Transferred to Octonoba)
  • A. yutoensis González & Carmen, 1996 (Transferred to Faiditus)

Nomina dubia

  • A. meus Strand, 1907
  • A. silvicola Saito, 1934
  • Female silver argiope (bottom-left) with dewdrop spider (top-right) living in its web, in California
  • Close-up of the same dewdrop spider

See also

References
  1. "Gen. Argyrodes Simon, 1864". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2020. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  2. Levi, H. W.; Levi, L. R. (1962). "The genera of the spider family Theridiidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 127: 16.
  3. Levi, H. W. (1972). "Taxonomic-nomenclatural notes on misplaced theridiid spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae), with observations on Anelosimus". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 91: 534.
  4. Simon, E (1864). Histoire naturelle des araignées (aranéides). Paris: Roret. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.47654.
  5. Guarisco 1999
  6. Tso 2000
  7. "Red-spotted Argyrodes". Australian Museum. 2003. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
  8. Agnarsson 2003

Further reading
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