Apache Tomcat

Apache Tomcat (sometimes simply "Tomcat") is an open-source implementation of the Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language and WebSocket technologies.[3] Tomcat provides a "pure Java" HTTP web server environment in which Java code can run.

Apache Tomcat
Apache Tomcat Default Page
Original author(s)James Duncan Davidson
Developer(s)Apache Software Foundation
Initial release1999 (1999)
Stable release9.0.36 (June 7, 2020 (2020-06-07) [1]) [±]
Preview release10.0.0-M6 (June 7, 2020 (2020-06-07) [2]) [±]
RepositoryTomcat Repository
Written inJava
TypeServlet container
HTTP web server
LicenseApache License 2.0
Websitetomcat.apache.org/ 

Tomcat is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation, released under the Apache License 2.0 license.

Components

Tomcat 4.x was released with Catalina (a servlet container), Coyote (an HTTP connector) and Jasper (a JSP engine).

Catalina

Catalina is Tomcat's servlet container. Catalina implements Sun Microsystems' specifications for servlet and JavaServer Pages (JSP). In Tomcat, a Realm element represents a "database" of usernames, passwords, and roles (similar to Unix groups) assigned to those users. Different implementations of Realm allow Catalina to be integrated into environments where such authentication information is already being created and maintained, and then use that information to implement Container Managed Security as described in the Servlet Specification.[4]

Coyote

Coyote is a Connector component for Tomcat that supports the HTTP 1.1 protocol as a web server. This allows Catalina, nominally a Java Servlet or JSP container, to also act as a plain web server that serves local files as HTTP documents.[5] Coyote listens for incoming connections to the server on a specific TCP port and forwards the request to the Tomcat Engine to process the request and send back a response to the requesting client. Another Coyote Connector, Coyote JK, listens similarly but instead forwards its requests to another web server, such as Apache, using the JK Protocol.[6] This usually offers better performance.

Jasper

Jasper is Tomcat's JSP Engine. Jasper parses JSP files to compile them into Java code as servlets (that can be handled by Catalina). At runtime, Jasper detects changes to JSP files and recompiles them.

As of version 5, Tomcat uses Jasper 2, which is an implementation of the Sun Microsystems' JSP 2.0 specification. From Jasper to Jasper 2, important features were added:

  • JSP Tag library pooling – Each tag markup in JSP file is handled by a tag handler class. Tag handler class objects can be pooled and reused in the whole JSP servlet.
  • Background JSP compilation – While recompiling modified JSP Java code, the older version is still available for server requests. The older JSP servlet is deleted once the new JSP servlet has finished being recompiled.
  • Recompile JSP when included page changes – pages can be inserted and included into a JSP at runtime. The JSP will not only be recompiled with JSP file changes but also with included page changes.
  • JDT Java compiler – Jasper 2 can use the Eclipse JDT (Java Development Tools) Java compiler instead of Ant and javac.

Three new components were added with the release of Tomcat 7:

Cluster

This component has been added to manage large applications. It is used for load balancing that can be achieved through many techniques. Clustering support currently requires the JDK version 1.5 or higher.

High availability

A high-availability feature has been added to facilitate the scheduling of system upgrades (e.g. new releases, change requests) without affecting the live environment. This is done by dispatching live traffic requests to a temporary server on a different port while the main server is upgraded on the main port. It is very useful in handling user requests on high-traffic web applications.[7]

Web application

It has also added user— as well as system-based web applications enhancement to add support for deployment across the variety of environments. It also tries to manage sessions as well as applications across the network.

Tomcat is building additional components. A number of additional components may be used with Apache Tomcat. These components may be built by users should they need them or they can be downloaded from one of the mirrors.[8]

Features

Tomcat 7.x implements the Servlet 3.0 and JSP 2.2 specifications.[9] It requires Java version 1.6, although previous versions have run on Java 1.1 through 1.5. Versions 5 through 6 saw improvements in garbage collection, JSP parsing, performance and scalability. Native wrappers, known as "Tomcat Native", are available for Microsoft Windows and Unix for platform integration.

Tomcat 8.x implements the Servlet 3.1 and JSP 2.3 Specifications.[10] Apache Tomcat 8.5.x is intended to replace 8.0.x and includes new features pulled forward from Tomcat 9.0.x. The minimum Java version and implemented specification versions remain unchanged.[11]

History

Tomcat started off as a servlet reference implementation by James Duncan Davidson, a software architect at Sun Microsystems. He later helped make the project open-source and played a key role in its donation by Sun Microsystems to the Apache Software Foundation.[12] The Apache Ant software build automation tool was developed as a side-effect of the creation of Tomcat as an open source project.

Davidson had initially hoped that the project would become open-sourced and, since many open-source projects had O'Reilly books associated with them featuring an animal on the cover, he wanted to name the project after an animal. He came up with Tomcat since he reasoned the animal represented something that could fend for itself. Although the tomcat was already in use for another O'Reilly title,[13] his wish to see an animal cover eventually came true when O'Reilly published their Tomcat book with a snow leopard on the cover in 2003.[14]

Releases
Apache Tomcat versions
Series Declared stable Description Latest release Latest release date
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 1998 Tomcat started off in November 1998[15] as a servlet reference implementation by James Duncan Davidson, a software architect at Sun Microsystems.
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 1999 Initial release. Merger of donated Sun Java Web Server code and ASF and Implements Servlet 2.2, and JSP 1.1 specifications. 3.3.2 2004-03-09
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.1 2002-09-06[16] First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 2.3 and JSP 1.2[17] specifications. 4.1.40 2009-06-25
Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0 2003-12-03 First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 2.4, JSP 2.0, and EL 1.1[17] specifications. 5.0.30 2004-08-30
Old version, no longer maintained: 5.5[18] 2004-11-10[19] Designed for J2SE 5.0. Inclusion of Eclipse JDT allows Tomcat to run without a full Java Development Kit being installed. 5.5.36 2012-10-10
Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0 2007-02-28[20] First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 2.5, JSP 2.1,[17] and EL 2.1 specifications. 6.0.53 2017-04-07
Older version, yet still maintained: 7.0 2011-01-14[21] First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 3.0, JSP 2.2, EL 2.2, and WebSocket[17] specifications. 7.0.104 2020-05-16
Old version, no longer maintained: 8.0 2014-06-25[22] First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 3.1, JSP 2.3, and EL 3.0[17] specifications. 8.0.53 2018-07-05
Older version, yet still maintained: 8.5 2016-06-13 Adds support for HTTP/2, OpenSSL for JSSE, TLS virtual hosting and JASPIC 1.1. Created from Tomcat 9, following delays to Java EE 8. 8.5.56 2020-06-07
Current stable version: 9.0 2018-01-18 First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 4.0[17] specifications. 9.0.36 2020-06-07
Latest preview version of a future release: 10.0 Unknown First Apache Tomcat release to support the Servlet 5.0, JSP 3.0, EL 4.0, WebSocket 2.0 and Authentication 2.0[17] specifications. 10.0.0-M6 2020-06-07
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

Communities

Apache software is built as part of a community process that involves both user and developer mailing lists. The developer list is where discussion on building and testing the next release takes place, while the user list is where users can discuss their problems with the developers and other users.

Some of the free Apache Tomcat resources and communities include Tomcatexpert.com (a SpringSource-sponsored community for developers and operators who are running Apache Tomcat in large-scale production environments) and MuleSoft's Apache Tomcat Resource Center (which has instructional guides on installing, updating, configuring, monitoring, troubleshooting and securing various versions of Tomcat).

Apache TomEE

Apache TomEE (pronounced "Tommy") is the Java Enterprise Edition of Apache Tomcat (Tomcat + Java EE = TomEE) that combines several Java enterprise projects including Apache OpenEJB, Apache OpenWebBeans, Apache OpenJPA, Apache MyFaces and others.[23] In October 2011, the project obtained certification by Oracle Corporation as a compatible implementation of the Java EE 6 Web Profile.[24][25]

See also

References
  1. "Apache Tomcat - Welcome!". Apache Tomcat. The Apache Software Foundation. 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  2. "Apache Tomcat - Welcome!". Apache Tomcat. The Apache Software Foundation. 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  3. "How to install Apache Tomcat on Ubuntu Server 16.04". Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  4. "Apache Tomcat Configuration Reference - The Realm Component". Tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  5. The Coyote HTTP/1.1 Connector, Apache
  6. "Server Configuration Reference - The Coyote JK Connector". tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  7. King, Graham (2004-12-20). "High availability Tomcat - Connect Tomcat servers to Apache and to each other to keep your site running". JavaWorld. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
  8. Remy Maucherat (2013-10-18). "Apache Tomcat 7 (7.0.47) - Additional Components". Tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  9. "Apache Tomcat Versions". Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  10. "Apache Tomcat® - Apache Tomcat 8 Software Downloads". tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  11. McClanahan, Craig R. "Apache Tomcat 8 (8.5.33) - Documentation Index". tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  12. Davidson, James Duncan (November 14, 2014). "What was the history of Tomcat inside Sun before it was open-sourced?". Quora. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  13. Sinan Si Alhir (1998), UML in a Nutshell, O'Reilly Books, pp. 296, ISBN 978-1-56592-448-2
  14. Brittain, Jason; Darwin, Ian F., Tomcat: The Definitive Guide (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 320, ISBN 978-0596003180, retrieved 2018-03-01
  15. "The Origin Story of Tomcat". TechNotif. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  16. "[ANNOUNCEMENT] Tomcat 4.1.10 Stable". Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  17. Saegesser, Marc A. "Apache Tomcat® - Which Version Do I Want?". tomcat.apache.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  18. Apache Tomcat Project. "Apache Tomcat". Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  19. "The Jakarta Site - News and Status". Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  20. "[ANN] Apache Tomcat 6.0.10 released". Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  21. Apache Tomcat Project. "Apache Tomcat". Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  22. Apache Tomcat Project. "Apache Tomcat". Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  23. "Apache TomEE". Apache OpenEJB.
  24. "The Apache Software Foundation Announces Apache TomEE Certified as Java EE 6 Web Profile Compatible". MarketWatch. 4 Oct 2011.
  25. "Apache TomEE Web stack gains approval". InfoWorld. 7 Oct 2011.

Bibliography
  • Brittain, Jason; Darwin, Ian F., Tomcat: The Definitive Guide (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 320, ISBN 978-0596003180, retrieved 2018-03-01
  • Brittain, Jason; Darwin, Ian F., Tomcat: The Definitive Guide (2nd ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 496, ISBN 978-0596101060, retrieved 2018-03-01
  • Chopra, Vivek; Li, Sing; Genender, Jeff (August 13, 2007), Professional Apache Tomcat 6 (1st ed.), Wrox, p. 629, ISBN 978-0-471-75361-2, retrieved 2009-10-08
  • Moodie, Matthew; Mittal (Ed.), Kunal (March 22, 2007), Pro Apache Tomcat 6 (1st ed.), Apress, p. 325, ISBN 978-1-59059-785-9, retrieved 2009-10-08CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
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