Amphicynodontinae

Amphicynodontinae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears,[1] a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals.[2][3][4] In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds.[5][6][7][3][8][4] According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea.[9] Fossils of these mammals have been found in Europe, North America and Asia.[4] Amphicynodontines should not be confused with Amphicyonids (bear-dogs), a separate family of Carnivora which is a sister clade to arctoids within the caniforms, but which may be listed as a clade of extinct arctoids in older publications.

Amphicynodontinae
Temporal range: Late Eocene to Early Miocene
38–18 Ma
Artist's restoration of Kolponomos newportensis.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Subfamily: †Amphicynodontinae
Simpson, 1945
Genera

Systematics
  • Subfamily †Amphicynodontinae (Simpson, 1945)
    • †Amphicticeps (Matthew and Granger, 1924)
      • †Amphicticeps makhchinus (Wang et al., 2005)
      • †Amphicticeps dorog (Wang et al., 2005)
      • †Amphicticeps shackelfordi (Matthew and Granger, 1924)
    • †Parictis (Scott, 1893)
      • †Parictis primaevus (Scott, 1893)
      • †Parictis personi (Chaffee, 1954)
      • †Parictis montanus (Clark & Guensburg, 1972)
      • †Parictis parvus (Clark & Beerbower, 1967)
      • †Parictis gilpini (Clark & Guensburg, 1972)
      • †Parictis dakotensis (Clark, 1936)
    • †Kolponomos (Stirton, 1960)
      • †Kolponomos newportensis (Tedford et al., 1994)
      • †Kolponomos clallamensis (Stirton, 1960)
    • †Allocyon (Merriam, 1930)
      • †Allocyon loganensis (Merriam, 1930)
    • †Pachycynodon (Schlosser, 1888)
      • †Pachycynodon tedfordi (Wang & Qiu, 2003)
      • †Pachycynodon tenuis (Teilhard de Chardin, 1915)
      • †Pachycynodon filholi (Schlosser, 1888)
      • †Pachycynodon boriei (Filhol, 1876)
      • †Pachycynodon crassirostris (Schlosser, 1888)
    • †Amphicynodon (Filhol, 1881)
      • †Amphicynodon mongoliensis (Janovskaja, 1970)
      • †Amphicynodon teilhardi (Matthew and Granger, 1924)
      • †Amphicynodon typicus (Schlosser, 1888)
      • †Amphicynodon chardini (Cirot and De Bonis, 1992)
      • †Amphicynodon cephalogalinus (Teilhard, 1915)
      • †Amphicynodon gracilis (Filhol, 1874)
      • †Amphicynodon crassirostris (Filhol, 1876)
      • †Amphicynodon brachyrostris (Filhol, 1876)
      • †Amphicynodon leptorhynchus (Filhol, 1874)
      • †Amphicynodon velaunus (Aymard, 1846)

References
  1. McLellan, B.; Reiner, D.C. (1992). "A review of bear evolution". International Association for Bear Research and Management. 9 (1): 85–96. doi:10.2307/3872687. JSTOR 3872687.
  2. Tedford, R. H.; Barnes, L. G.; Ray, C. E. (1994). "The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran Kolponomos: Systematics and mode of life" (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 11–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  3. Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M.R.; Tedford, R.H. (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia". Nature. 458 (7241): 1021–24. doi:10.1038/nature07985. PMID 19396145.
  4. Berta, A.; Morgan, C.; Boessenecker, R.W. (2018). "The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 46: 203–228. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009.
  5. Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994). "Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds" (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57–67.
  6. Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995). "Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 28–52. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189. PMID 7877495.
  7. Wang, X.; McKenna, M. C.; Dashzeveg, D. (2005). "Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography". American Museum Novitates. 483 (3483): 216. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5674.
  8. Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007). "Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 216. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-216. PMC 2245807. PMID 17996107.
  9. McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.
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