Abraham O. Smoot

Abraham Owen Smoot was born on February 17, 1815, in Owenton, Kentucky, the son of George W. Smoot and Nancy Ann (née Rowlett) Smoot.[1] He was of Scottish, Irish, and English descent. He had two brothers (William and Reed) and five sisters (Nancy, Martisia, Jemima, Sophia, and Cinderella).[2] His mother's uncle, Colonel Abraham Owen, served William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe. He was also related to General Stonewall Jackson.[3]^:8 His family moved twice in his childhood, first to southwestern Kentucky and then to the banks of the Blood River in Tennessee. As a young boy, he worked as a farmer and was not educated.[2] He also had a health issue – which he called "a lung disease"[3]^:9 – as a child.[4] His father died when Smoot was young, and his mother then married Levi Taylor. She was baptized a member of the Church of Christ in 1831 by Wilford Woodruff [5] and Smoot followed suit at the age of 20.[6] Warren Parrish baptized him on March 22, 1835.[2] He was then confirmed by David W. Patten, who promised he would be able to overcome his health problem. Smoot recorded that he "began to grow strong immediately."[3]^:10 Soon after his baptism, he was given the responsibility of leading the small group of church members in Benton County, Tennessee.[7] He befriended Woodruff, who began preparing him for missionary work.[3]^:11-12 The two became companions on a short mission to Tennessee and Kentucky, then attended school in Kirtland, Ohio, together,[8] learning Latin grammar. It was in Kirtland that Smoot met Joseph Smith and was able to see the sheets of papyrus that were said to contain the Book of Abraham.[2] During this time, Smoot recorded his suffering from typhoid fever and pleurisy, and his subsequent recovery after a blessing from Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Willard Richards, and Hyrum Smith.[3]^:16 After receiving his patriarchal blessing from Joseph Smith Sr., Smoot returned home to Tennessee.[3]^:17

On February 4, 1836, Smoot was ordained an elder[7] and began preaching in Kentucky and Tennessee with Woodruff, Patten, and others.[2] This first mission lasted nine months. Smoot experienced both success and opposition as a missionary, encountering both mobs and those who accepted baptism.[7] While preaching, he also continued presiding over the branch of the church in his hometown. In the fall, the group of missionaries headed north to Kirtland, Ohio to join the main body of church members assembled there.[3]^:12-15

Smoot received an assignment from Joseph Smith to gather a group of people from his home state to move to Far West, Missouri. He recruited his family and others, successfully creating a party of about 200 people. After helping his family settle in nearby Daviess County, Missouri,[3]^:17-18 Smoot embarked on a five-month proselytizing mission to southern Missouri and Arkansas in 1838. Once he returned to Far West, Missouri state forces invaded,[2] and Smoot was taken prisoner on November 1 during the 1838 Mormon War,[3]^:24 alongside Joseph and Hyrum Smith.[7] Smoot then moved to Montrose, Iowa and the new settlement of Zarahemla. He was chosen as a member of the high council there. In April 1842, he began another mission, this time in South Carolina. He preached in Charleston, but found no success and returned to Nauvoo, Illinois that July. He was then called to lead a branch of the church in Keokuk, Iowa. During Joseph Smith's 1844 presidential campaign, Smoot was assigned to travel to Tennessee and oversee both political and missionary efforts in the area. When he learned of the deaths of Joseph and Hyrmn, Smoot returned to Nauvoo.[3]^:28-35 In 1844, he served another mission in Alabama, assigned by Brigham Young to direct the church in the South.[2] He gathered a group from this region to travel back to Nauvoo and eventually journey west.[7] In between his missions, Smoot volunteered as a police officer in Nauvoo and an officiator in the Nauvoo Temple.[2]

In 1851, Smoot embarked on another mission, this time to England.[7] His goal this time was to bring converts to the LDS Church back to the United States, sponsored by the Perpetual Emigration Fund.[8] Smoot left England within the same month of his arrival and, once back in the U.S., accompanied the party of British immigrants on the trek west. He contracted cholera while traveling, but recovered.[3]^:56-59 He eventually served nine proselyting missions for the LDS Church, in addition to two terms as a bishop.[9]

In early 1838, while serving as a missionary in Missouri and Arkansas, Smoot began writing letters to a widow[3]^:19 named Margaret Thompson McMeans Adkinson. She was six years older than Smoot.[10] He married her on November 11, 1838[11] while still a prisoner of war. Adkinson had one son from her first marriage named William,[2] whom Smoot adopted. Smoot described his new wife as "zealous and devoted to her religion and ready to sacrifice or endure anything to further its interests."[3]^:26 The two were forced out of Missouri and fled to Iowa,[2] traveling with Caroline Skeen Butler and her four young children.[12] Smoot was the only man in the company and the driver of the wagon.[13] Adkinson then accompanied Smoot on the way to his mission in South Carolina; the couple stopped in Tennessee and, after visiting with her family, Adkinson returned north to Nauvoo. She later traveled with him to Alabama for his mission there.[2]

On January 9, 1846, Smoot began practicing plural marriage. He was sealed to his second wife, Sarah Gibbens, then to his third, Emily Hill, with the approval of Adkinson. She gave her "fullest and freest consent" for Smoot to enter into polygamy.[3]^:40 Hill was a widow with two children from her previous marriage, William and Artimisia.[2] She was 39 years old, and Gibbens was 45.[10] On November 23, 1847, once the family had crossed the plains and settled in the Salt Lake Valley, Hill gave birth to Smoot's first biological child, Albert.[3]^:48 She eventually had three more children: Margaret, Emily, and Zina Beal.[2] In 1850, the family relocated to Big Cottonwood Canyon.[3]^:53 Gibbens did not emigrate to Utah and requested a divorce from Smoot in 1852.[11]

In 1855, he married Diana Tanner Eldredge.[3]^:70 Smoot then wedded Anne Kirstine Morrison the following year. Morrison was an immigrant from Brekka, Norway. Eldredge gave birth to thirteen children and Morrison to seven.[2] He later married Hannah Caroline Rogers[14] in 1886 in Logan, Utah.[15][16]

Smoot had a total of twenty-seven children, three of whom he adopted.[10] They include Reed Smoot, born in Salt Lake City, who also became a politician and US Senator;[17] Brigham Smoot,[18] and Ida Smoot Dusenberry.[19] Another of his daughters, Zina Beal Smoot, was married to apostle Orson F. Whitney.[20]

Sickness prevented Smoot from leaving Nauvoo, Illinois with the first group of Mormon pioneers. He and "a large company of his southern friends" began the trek west in May 1846. His wives, Adkinson and Hill, traveled with him, but Gibbens is not included on the record. By July, the group arrived in Council Bluffs, Iowa, where Smoot was called as a bishop. He was ordained to the office of bishop in January 1847[3]^:41-43 when the company reached Winter Quarters, Nebraska and joined the other pioneers.[2] There, Smoot was named the leader of the fourth hundred, or a group of a hundred families.[3]^:44 They had 120 wagons.[4] He offered "both temporal and spiritual guidance" to his group of 317 people as they made the journey west together.[7] Smoot's company arrived in Utah in September 1847.[21] They were the second group of pioneers to arrive in the Salt Lake Valley.[3]^:46

Although he was not raised in a household with slaves, Smoot briefly became a slave owner in the Utah Territory. However, as a Latter-day Saint missionary, he actively supported Joseph Smith's presidential platform, which called for the gradual elimination of slavery. On a mission to Tennessee, Smoot tried to have 3,000 copies of Smith's presidential platform printed, but the printer refused, since it was illegal to distribute abolitionist literature in the state.[22]

In Utah, Abraham and Margaret Smoot owned at least two men and one girl – Tom,[23] Jerry, and Lucy[24] - each of whom were given their freedom within two years. Jerry chose to remain with the Smoot family as they made their move to Provo, Utah, in 1868.[25]

Smoot was later involved in the 1879 discussions among Latter-day Saint leaders about the origins of the priesthood and temple restrictions for black Latter-day Saints.[26] He hosted a gathering at his home in Provo, Utah, with John Taylor, Brigham Young Jr., Zebedee Coltrin, and L. John Nuttall. Smoot remembered that when David W. Patten, Warren Parish, and Thomas B. Marsh were missionaries in the South in 1835 and 1836, they took the question of ordaining black men to Joseph Smith. Southern slave codes limited the ability of enslaved people to assemble or preach.[27] Smoot recalled, "his decision as I understood, was that they were not entitled to the Priesthood, nor yet to be baptized without the consent of their Masters. In [later] years ... I became acquainted with Joseph myself in Far West about the year 1838. I received from Joseph substantially the same instructions. It was on my application to him what should be done with the Negro in the South as I was preaching to them. He said I could baptize them by the consent of their Masters, but not to confer the Priesthood upon them."[28]

• Utah History Encyclopedia: Abraham Owen Smoot, media.Utah.edu
• Guide to A. O. Smoot missionary diaries at the Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. Click "see diary" to see scans of the original diaries.
• A. O. Smoot papers, MSS 896 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University. Contains missionary journals and correspondence written to Abraham Smoot.
• A. O. Smoot papers, MSS 574 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University. Contains letters and patriarchal blessing.