A London Symphony

The work is scored for:

• Woodwinds: three flutes (the third doubling piccolo), two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, contrabassoon
• Brass: four horns, two trumpets, two cornets, three trombones, tuba
• Percussion: timpani, bass drum, snare drum, triangle, tam-tam, sleigh bells, cymbals, glockenspiel
• Strings: harp, and strings.[1]

Vaughan Williams said that while the title may suggest a programmatic piece (and the work includes sounds heard in London such as the Westminster Quarters), it was intended to be heard as absolute music. In a programme note in 1920, he suggested that Symphony by a Londoner might be a better title.[2] However, he allowed the conductor Albert Coates to provide elaborate descriptions for the 1920 performance.

The symphony is in four movements.

1. Lento – Allegro risoluto

The symphony opens quietly, and after a few nocturnal bars, the Westminster chimes are heard, played on the harp.[3]

After a silent pause, the allegro risoluto section, much of it triple forte, is vigorous and brisk, and the ensuing second subject, dominated by the wind and brass, is no less so (evoking "Hampstead Heath on an August Bank Holiday").[4]

After a contrasting gentle interlude scored for string sextet and harp, the vigorous themes return and bring the movement to a lively close, with full orchestra playing fortissimo.[1]

2. Lento

The movement opens with muted strings playing ppp.[1] Vaughan Williams said that the slow movement is intended to evoke "Bloomsbury Square on a November afternoon".[4]

Quiet themes led in turn by cor anglais, flute, trumpet and viola give way to a grave, impassioned forte section, after which the movement gradually subsides to its original quiet dynamic.

3. Scherzo (Nocturne)

In the composer's words, "If the listener will imagine himself standing on Westminster Embankment at night, surrounded by the distant sounds of The Strand, with its great hotels on one side and the "New Cut" on the other, with its crowded streets and flaring lights, it may serve as a mood in which to listen to this movement."[4] In the definitive score, the movement revolves around two scherzo themes, the first marked fugato and the second straightforward and lively.

The piece closes with muted strings playing pppp.[1]

4. Finale – Andante con moto – Maestoso alla marcia – Allegro – Lento – Epilogue

The finale opens on a grave march theme, punctuated with a lighter allegro section, with full orchestra initially forte and appassionato.[1] After the reappearance of the march, the main allegro theme of the first movement returns. Following this, the Westminster Chimes strike again, this time the harp plays the first three-quarters of the hour chimes,[1] and there is a quiet Epilogue, inspired by the last chapter of H.G. Wells's novel Tono-Bungay:[4]

The last great movement in the London Symphony in which the true scheme of the old order is altogether dwarfed and swallowed up ... Light after light goes down. England and the Kingdom, Britain and the Empire, the old prides and the old devotions, glide abeam, astern, sink down upon the horizon, pass – pass. The river passes – London passes, England passes.[5]

The symphony was composed from 1912 to 1913. It is dedicated to Vaughan Williams's friend and fellow composer George Butterworth (1885–1916) who was subsequently killed by a sniper on the Somme during World War I.[6] It was Butterworth who had first encouraged Vaughan Williams to write a purely orchestral symphony.[7] Vaughan Williams recorded that:

We were talking together one day when he said in his gruff, abrupt manner: 'You know, you ought to write a symphony'. I answered... that I'd never written a symphony and never intended to... I suppose Butterworth's words stung me and, anyhow, I looked out some sketches I had made for... a symphonic poem about London and decided to throw it into symphonic form... From that moment, the idea of a symphony dominated my mind. I showed the sketches to George bit by bit as they were finished, and it was then that I realised that he possessed in common with very few composers a wonderful power of criticism of other men's work and insight into their ideas and motives. I can never feel too grateful to him for all he did for me over this work and his help did not stop short at criticism.[8]

The work was first performed on 27 March 1914 at Queen's Hall,[6] conducted by Geoffrey Toye.[1] The performance was a success, but shortly afterwards the composer sent the score to the conductor Fritz Busch in Germany, and it disappeared in the upheaval of the outbreak of World War I.[9] The second performance was given in Harrogate on 12 August by the Harrogate Municipal Orchestra under Julian Clifford.[10] There was a short score,[10] which had been prepared by Bevis Ellis, Francis Toye and George Butterworth, so it is possible that version was used instead. The composer, aided by Geoffrey Toye, Butterworth and the critic E. J. Dent, reconstructed the score from the orchestral parts, and the reconstruction was performed on 11 February 1915 by the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra under Dan Godfrey.[7]

The symphony went through several revisions before reaching its final form. Vaughan Williams revised it for a performance in March 1918, and again in 1919–20. This second revision became the first published version and was recorded for the gramophone in 1925 by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sir Dan Godfrey. It was also recorded in 1941 by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sir Eugene Goossens.[11] It had already received its American premiere on 20 December 1920 when the New York Symphony Orchestra played it under the baton of Albert Coates. It is most unlikely that OUP sanctioned the use of the 1920 version in Goossens' recording, since Vaughan Williams had withdrawn it and all scores of the 1933 revision carry the statement "This revised edition supersedes the Original Version which should no longer be used". However, this recording was made in the darkest days of World War II, when communications between Britain and the USA were difficult, and a "rogue" set was used. In fact, the 1920 version was already in the public domain in the US, having been published before 1923, so it may simply have been cheaper to record that version. It was still possible to buy scores and parts of the 1920 version in the USA until early in the 21st century, although this is no longer the case.

While he was working on his fourth symphony in 1933, Vaughan Williams made time to revise A London Symphony yet again.[11] He regarded this version, which was published in 1936,[7] as the definitive one, and it is this version that entered the repertoire, being played in concert and on record by many conductors.[11] However, in 2001, when the composer's widow, Ursula, gave permission for a recording of the original 1914 score, there was a widely expressed view among music critics that the composer had cut many bars of interesting music.[11][12][13] One writer commented: "The 1913 score is more meditative, dark-shaded and tragic in tone, almost Mahleresque in its inclusiveness. By 1933, Vaughan Williams's concept of symphonic architecture was becoming more aligned with a Sibelian logic and severity."[11]

The main differences between the first and last versions may be summarised as follows:

• First movement: One bar was cut from the 1914 version.
• Slow movement: 52 bars of the 1914 score were cut in 1933/36, chiefly from the quiet coda.
• Scherzo: At the end of the original is a dark andantino passage, of which no trace survives in the definitive version.
• Finale: In the 1914 score, the central E minor section, familiar in the definitive text, is interrupted by an orchestral "cry of anguish" based on the opening theme, after which the allegro resumes. After the conclusion of the allegro section, the 1914 score has a long andantino section for strings and woodwinds later dismissed by Vaughan Williams as "a bad hymn tune". Finally, the original Epilogue extends to 109 bars.[11]

Below is a summary of the changes made between the original and the two published versions. It shows the number of bars in each movement and the total for the whole symphony:[10]

The final version is more than twenty minutes shorter than the original, as some indicative timings show:

1914 version:

• London Symphony Orchestra/Richard Hickox: 61:19 (I: 15:04; II: 16:16; III: 11:04; IV: 18:50)[14]

1920 revision:

• London Symphony Orchestra/Dan Godfrey (rec 1925): 44:39 (I:13:37: II:12:17; III: 7:07; IV: 11:45) [Godfrey had already recorded the first movement (very heavily cut) and second movement (complete) in 1923, with the same forces. However, this later recording is still not a complete performance, since he now cut 23 bars from the Epilogue in order that it would fit on to 12 sides. The cut was from 9 bars after T until W. This is exactly what the composer would later do for the 1933 final version, leaving the suspicion that he may have been influenced by Godfrey's recording.][15][16]
• Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra/Eugene Goossens (rec 1941): 38:45 (I:11:06: II:9:22; III: 5:09; IV: 13:15) [This performance makes no cuts, but does not play the repeat in the third movement.][17]

1933/36 revision:

• Queen's Hall Orchestra/Sir Henry Wood (rec 1936): 37:09 (I:11:40: II:8:39; III: 5:21; IV: 10:49)[18]
• London Philharmonic Orchestra/Sir Adrian Boult (rec 1971): 43:03 (I: 14:24; II: 9:32; III:7:07; IV:12:00)[19]

There have been 28 recordings:

Godfrey – LSO – Columbia 78s L 1717–22 (24 April and 1 May 1925)

Wood – Queen's Hall Orchestra – Decca 78s X 114–8 (21–22 April 1936)

Goossens – Cincinnati SO – RCA Victor 78s 11 8375–8379 in set M 916 (19–20 Feb 1941)

Mitropoulos – NBC SO – ( + Sargent's recording of Symphony No. 9) Pristine Audio XR PASC 234 (Studio 8H, New York, 9 December 1945)

Boult – LPO – Decca LXT 2693 (Kingsway Hall, 8–11 Jan 1952)

Barbirolli – Hallé – Pye Red Label CCL 30134 (Free Trade Hall, 28–29 Dec 1957)

Sargent – Chicago SO – ( + music by Copland + Schuman-W) CSO CD 4677 00-07 (Ravinia, 6 July 1967)

Barbirolli – Hallé – HMV ASD 2360 (Abbey Road, London, 11–14 July 1967)

Boult – LPO – HMV ASD 2740 (Kingsway Hall, 1–2 March 1971)

Previn – LSO – RCA Red Seal SB 6860 (Kingsway Hall, 6–7 Jan 1972)

Handley – LPO – Classics for Pleasure CFP 40286 (Kingsway Hall, 5–6 Jan 1977)

Previn – RPO – ( + The Lark Ascending) Telarc CD 80138 (Fairfield Halls, Croydon, 15–16 Sep 1986)

Haitink – LPO – ( + Fantasia on a Theme by Tallis) EMI CDC 7 49394 2 (Abbey Road, 9 October 1986)

Thomson – LSO – ( + Concerto grosso) Chandos CHAN 8629 (St Jude-on-the-Hill, Hampstead, 14–15 March 1988)

Rozhdestvensky – USSR StSO – Melodiya CD 10-02170-2 (Philharmonia Building, Leningrad, 2 May 1988)

Hughes – Philharmonia – ( + music by Elgar + Ireland) ASV CD DCA 634 (St Peter's Church, Morden, 1–2 Dec 1988)

Slatkin – Philharmonia – ( + Norfolk Rhapsody 1 in e + Fantasia on a Theme by Tallis) RCA Victor Red Seal 09026-61193-2 (Abbey Road, 1 June to 29 November 1991)

Handley – RLPO – ( + Symphony No. 8) EMI Eminence CD EMX 2209 (Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, 3–4 March 1992)

Davis-A – BBC SO – ( + Symphony No. 8) Teldec 4509-90858-2 (St Augustine's Church, London, March 1993)

Bakels – Bournemouth SO – ( + Overture to 'The Wasps') Naxos 8.550734 (Poole Arts Centre, 5–6 April 1993)

Norrington – LPO – ( + Fantasia on a Theme by Tallis + Serenade to Music) Decca 467 047-2 (25–27 Nov 1996)

Hickox – LSO – ( + music by Butterworth) Chandos CHAN 9902 (19 Dec 2000)

Seaman – Melbourne SO – ( + music by Chopin + Dukas) ABC Classics 476 8363 (Hamer Hall, Melbourne, 6–7 May 2005)

Elder – Hallé – ( + Oboe Concerto) Hallé CD HLL 7529 (Bridgewater Hall, 14 October 2010)

Seaman – Rochester Philharmonic – ( + Serenade to Music) Harmonia Mundi HMU 807567 (March 2011)

Yates (1920 version) – Royal Scottish National Orchestra – ( + Concerto in C for 2 Pianos and Orchestra) Dutton Epoch CDLX 7322 (13 Jan 2015)

Manze – RLPO – ( + Symphony No. 8) Onyx 4155 (Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool, 29–30 March 2015)

Brabbins (1920 version) – BBC SO – ( + Sound Sleep + Orpheus With His Lute + Variations for Brass Band) Hyperion CDA 68190 (Henry Wood Hall, Nov. 2016)