1834 in science
The year 1834 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Events
- March – William Whewell (anonymously) first publishes the term scientist in the Quarterly Review, but notes it as "not generally palatable".[1]
Astronomy
- March 14 – John Herschel discovers the open cluster of stars now known as NGC 3603.[2]
- Hermann Helmholtz proposes gravitational contraction as the energy source for the Sun.
- Johann Heinrich von Mädler and Wilhelm Beer publish Mappa Selenographica, the most complete map of the moon up to this time.
- Thomas Henderson is appointed first Astronomer Royal for Scotland.
Biology
- James Paget discovers in human muscle the parasitic worm that causes trichinosis.
- Félix Dujardin proposes that single-cell animals should be classified in a group by themselves.
Chemistry
- Phenol was discovered by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar.
Geology
Paleontology
- The large prehistoric whale Basilosaurus is discovered in Eocene rock deposits. It is presumed to be a large reptile.[3][4][5]
Mathematics
- Charles Babbage begins the conceptual design of an "analytical engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.[6][7][8]
Mechanics
- Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi discovers his uniformly rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids.
- Scottish naval architect John Scott Russell first observes a nondecaying solitary wave (a soliton, which he calls "the Wave of Translation") while watching a boat hauled through the water of the Union Canal near Edinburgh, subsequently using a tank to study the dependence of solitary wave velocities on amplitude and liquid depth.[9]
Medicine
- Joseph-François Malgaigne publishes Manuel de medecine operatoire.
- St. Vincent's Hospital is set up in Dublin by Mary Aikenhead, staffed by the Religious Sisters of Charity,[10] the first hospital staffed by nuns in the English-speaking world.
Physics
- Émile Clapeyron presents a formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.
- Michael Faraday publishes "On Electrical Decomposition" in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, in which he coins the words electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, electrolyte and electrolyze.[11]
- Heinrich Lenz discovers Lenz's law.
- Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier discovers the Peltier effect.
Technology
- June 21 – Cyrus McCormick receives his first patent for a mechanical reaper, in the United States.[12]
- December 23 – English architect Joseph Hansom patents the Hansom cab.[8][13]
- Joseph Chaley’s Grand Pont Suspendu in Fribourg is the first suspension bridge with cables assembled in mid-air.[14]
- Jacob Perkins creates a cooling machine that uses ice, an early refrigerator.[15]
Awards
- Copley Medal: Giovanni Plana
Births
- January 7 – Johann Philipp Reis (died 1874), German physicist and inventor.
- January 15 – Frederick DuCane Godman (died 1919), English lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist.
- January 17 – August Weismann (died 1914), German biologist.
- February 7 – Dmitri Mendeleev (died 1907), Russian chemist.
- February 16 – Ernst Haeckel (died 1919), German zoologist.
- February 20 (O.S. February 8) – Nikolai Kaufman (died 1870), Russian botanist.
- March 17 – Gottlieb Daimler (died 1900), German mechanical engineer and automotive pioneer.
- April 30 – John Lubbock (died 1913), English naturalist and archaeologist.
- June 22 – William Chester Minor (died 1920), Ceylonese-born American military surgeon, lexicographer and murderer.
- July 6 – Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (died 1923), English surveyor, geologist and naturalist.
- August 5 – Ewald Hering (died 1918), German physiologist.
- August 10 – Maurice Raynaud (died 1881), French physician.
- August 22 – Samuel Pierpont Langley (died 1906), American astronomer.
- August 23 – Hugh Owen Thomas (died 1891), Welsh-born orthopaedic surgeon.
- August 29 – Hermann Sprengel (died 1906), German-born chemist.
- September 30 – Carl Schorlemmer (died 1892), German organic chemist.
- December 15 – Charles Augustus Young (died 1908), American astronomer.
- December 24 – Augustus George Vernon Harcourt (died 1919), English chemist.
Deaths
- January 8 – Jacques Labillardière (born 1755), French naturalist.
- January 17 – Giovanni Aldini (born 1762), Italian physicist.
- February 16 – Lionel Lukin (born 1742), English inventor.
- February 26 – Alois Senefelder (born 1771), German inventor.
- August 7 – Joseph Marie Jacquard (born 1752), French inventor.
- September 9 – James Weddell (born 1787), Anglo-Scots seal hunter and Antarctic explorer.
- October 10 – Thomas Say (born 1787), American naturalist.
- November 27 – Rosalie de Constant, Swiss naturalist (died 1758)
References
- "scientist, n." Oxford English Dictionary online version. Oxford University Press. March 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-05. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Sher, D. (1965). "The Curious History of NGC 3603". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 59: 76. Bibcode:1965JRASC..59...67S.
- Gingerich, P. D. (2012). "Evolution of Whales from Land to Sea" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 156 (3): 309–323.
- "Notice of fossil bones found in the Tertiary formation of the State of Louisiana". Transactions of the American Philosophical society. 1834.
- "†Basilosaurus Harlan 1834 (whale)". PBDB.
- Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: pioneer of the computer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-858170-X.
- "Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871 (Trial model)". Science Museum (London). Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 259–260. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- Russell, J. Scott (September 1844), "Report on waves", Fourteenth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (PDF), York, pp. 311–390, retrieved 2012-08-28
- Meenan, F. O. C. (1995). St Vincent's Hospital 1834–1994. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2151-8.
- Faraday, Michael (1834). "On Electrical Decomposition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 124: 77–122. doi:10.1098/rstl.1834.0008.
- Iles, George (1912). "Cyrus H. McCormick". Leading American Inventors (2nd ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 276–314. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- Peters, Tom F.; Andrea L. (1987). Transitions in Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the early 19th century Cable Suspension Bridges. Basel: Birkhauser. ISBN 3-7643-1929-1.
- "Inventions of the 1800s timeline". softschools.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18.
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