Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin

Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin (Ottoman Turkish: شہزادہ یوسف عزالدین‎; 29 September 1857 – 1 February 1916) was an Ottoman prince, the son of Sultan Abdülaziz and his first wife Dürrünev Kadın.

In this Ottoman Turkish style name, Yusuf Izzeddin is the given name, the title is Şehzade, and there is no family name.

Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin
Field Marshal of the Inf. Ottoman Army
Cdt of the Imperial Guard Ottoman Army
Portrait of Crown Prince Yusuf İzzettin Efendi, Windsor, 1911
Born29 September 1857
Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Died1 February 1916(1916-02-01) (aged 58)
Zincirlikuyu Palace, Zincirlikuyu, Şişli, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Tomb of Mahmud II, Çemberlitaş, Fatih, Istanbul
SpouseCeşmiahu Hanım
Cavidan Hanım
Nazikeda Hanım
Tazende Hanım
Ebruniyaz Hanım
Leman Hanım
IssueȘehzade Mehmed Bahaeddin
Hatice Şükriye Sultan
Șehzade Mehmed Nizameddin
Mihriban Mihrişah Sultan
Full name
Turkish: Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin
Ottoman Turkish: شهزادہ یوسف عزالدین‎
HouseOttoman
FatherAbdülaziz
MotherDürrünev Kadın
ReligionSunni Islam

Early life and education

Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin was born on 29 September 1857 in the Dolmabahçe Palace. His father was Sultan Abdülaziz, who was then a prince, and his mother was Dürrünev Kadın,[1] eldest daughter of Prince Mahmud Dziapş-lpa and his wife Princess Halime Çikotua.[2] He had a full sister, Saliha Sultan, five years younger than him.[1] He was brought up concealed in the villa of Kadir Bey, molla of Mecca, located in Eyüp.[3] His birth was kept a secret until his father ascended the throne in 1861.[4]

Izzeddin's early education took place in the Prince's School, Dolmabahçe Palace. His tutors were Miralay Süleyman Bey, Ömer Efendi, Tophane Müfti Ömer Lutfi Efendi, Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, and Gürcü Şerif Efendi. He took his French lessons from the Sultan's head doctor Marko Pasha, and Sakızlı Ohannes Pasha's son-in-law Şarl.[3]

Izzeddin was circumcised on 20 June 1870.[5] Other princes who were circumcised along with Izzeddin included, Şehzade Selim Süleyman, Şehzade Mehmed Vahideddin, sons of Sultan Abdulmejid I, Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin, son of crown prince Murad, Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin, Izzeddin's own brother, and Sultanzade Alaeddin Bey, son of Münire Sultan, daughter of Abdulmejid.[6]

Career

Early career

In 1863, Izzeddin, then a child of six, was enlisted in the army and was quickly promoted. In 1866, then nine years of age, he was screaming commands to his battalion in his child's voice during a parade at Pangatlı when Prince Karl von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen visited Istanbul in October, 1866. A fountain was commissioned in Tophane in his name that same year. In 1867, aged ten, Izzeddin received the rank of lieutenant Colonel, and his father took him along a trip to the European capitals.[7]

In 1871, at the age of fourteen, Izzeddin was commander of the Fourth Army (Anatolian Army) with the rank of Marshal, and soon after was appointed commander of the First Army, the Imperial Army.[7] In 1874, aged seventeen, he appeared with his father, right after the Grand vizier, the Şeyhülislam and the ministers at the awards ceremonies for graduates of the imperial, medical, and military schools. He delivered the congratulatory speech to the graduates.[8]

As Abdülaziz's possible successor

After his accession to the throne, Prince Murad (future Sultan Murad V), became heir to the throne. However, Abdülaziz began considering changing the rule of succession in favour of Izzeddin. For this purpose Abdülaziz set out to mollify different pressure groups and have his son gain popularity among them.[7]

During the 1867 visit to Europe, rumors spread that contrary to the rules of protocol Abdülaziz arranged Izzeddin's reception in Paris and London before the official heir, Prince Murad.[7]

A new propaganda strategy was employed as pictures of Izzeddin appeared in the weekly journal "Ayine-i Vatan" in 1867. It was rumoured that Mehmed Arif, the editor, received a huge grant in return for his beau geste. In one of the pictures, Izzeddin was shown wearing a military uniform. He spent most of his teenage years in barracks, and many high-ranking military men, and higher level bureaucrats were given gifts in return for their support for this situation.[7]

When the conservative Mahmud Nedim Pasha became the Grand vizier in September 1871 he lent his support to Abdülaziz's plans. A whispering comapign was generated in the first months of 1872 to the effect that Abdülaziz had obtained the verbal approval of the Şeyhülislam and that the later would give a fetva in favour of filial succession.[7] Although the Palace denied the rumors, and Mahmud Nedim Pasha asserted that such a change was not on the agenda, Izzeddin was still being favoured in the protocol. An order sent by Vittorio Emanuele, the King of Italy, the official heir to the throne was presented to Izzeddin.[8]

In 1874, his portrait and biography appeared on the front page of "L'Orient Illustre", a French language weekly published in Istanbul. Heretofore, only the portrait of the reigning Sultan had been published by that journal.[8]

To further legitimize his plans, Abdülaziz tactically supported a change to primogeniture in the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt. By granting primogeniture to Isma'il Pasha in 1866, Abdülaziz was clearly seeking to create a positive climate of opinion about a change in favour of his own son. Significantly, at this time the newspapers reported that a ship very much like the one owned by the Khedive was to be constructed for Izzeddin.[9]

Later life and career

Izzeddin's father, Abdülaziz was deposed by his ministers on 30 May 1876, and his nephew Murad became the Sultan.[10] He was transferred to Feriye Palace the next day.[11] On 4 June 1876,[12] Abdülaziz died under mysterious circumstances.[13] As both of Emine Sultan, Izzeddin's half-sister, parents died in the summer of 1876, when she was not yet two years old, Izzeddin raised her in his household.[14]

Izzeddin's cousin Sultan Abdul Hamid II was suspicious of him, and for this reason had a police station built opposite his country house.[15]

Izzeddin became Heir to the Throne upon the accession of his cousin Sultan Mehmed V on 27 April 1909.[16] In July 1915, Izzeddin visited the Ottoman troops during the Gallipoli camapign. It is rumoured that Izzeddin visit to Gallipoli provided the demonstration of the rift between the Committee of Union and Progress and Izzeddin, who reprimand Enver Pasha for sacrificing the lives of thousands of Ottoman soldiers in vain.[17]

Izzeddin was described a conservative and pious person. He was also known as a proud and arrogant man.[15]

Izzeddin and Prince Vahideddin (future Mehmed VI) had rivalry with each other. Though, coldly polite to each other, they refused to share the same carriage even for the ceremonies of the state. Vahideddin especially insisted on being considered the second heir apparent.[18]

Personal life

Izzeddin's first wife was Çeşmiahu Hanım. Her mother was Mestare Hanım. The two married in 1879. She was the mother of Şehzade Mehmed Bahaeddin. She died in 1911 in the Beşiktaş Palace, and was buried in the mausoleum of Pertevniyal Sultan.[1]

His second wife was Cavidan Hanım. Her real name was Esma. She was the daughter of Prince Ömer Pasha Achba,[19] and Princess Ayşe Kemalifer Hanım Dziapş-lpa, the daughter of Prince Mahmud Bey Dziapş-lpa.[20] She was born on 12 January 1870 in Kars, Caucasus. The two married on 20 May 1885 in the Beşiktaş Palace. She died in 1935 in Göztepe, Istanbul.[1]

His third wife was Nazikeda Hanım. Her real name was Amine Seten. She was the daughter of Halil Bey Aredba.[21] She was born on 30 May 1872 in Sukhumi, Abkhazia. The two married on 6 July 1886 in the Beşiktaş Palace. She died in 1946 in Erenköy, Istanbul.[1]

His fourth wife was Faika Tazende "Yücesan" Hanım. She was born on 10 October 1875 in Poti, Abkhazia. The two married on 14 October 1892 in the Beşiktaş Palace. She died on 16 June 1950 in Ortaköy, Istanbul, and was buried in Yahya Efendi Cemetery. His fifth wife was Ebruniyaz Hanım.[3]

His sixth wife was Leman "Ünlüsoy" Hanım. She was the daughter of Ahmed Bey, and Şükriye Hanım. She was born on 6 June 1888 in Batumi, Georgia.[22] The two married on 4 February 1904 in the Çamlıca Palace. She was the mother of Hatice Şükriye Sultan, Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin, and Mihriban Mihrişah Sultan. She died on 3 August 1953 in the Çamlıca Palace, Istanbul, and was buried in Selami Dergahi.[22]

Death

Yusuf Izzeddin suffered from his role and lived his later years in a kind of paranoia, until he committed suicide[23] on 1 February 1916 in his villa at Zincirlikuyu, Istanbul.[16] He was buried in the mausoleum of his grandfather Sultan Mahmud II.[24]

Honours

Ottoman orders and decorations:

Foreign orders and decorations:

Issue
NameBirthDeathBurial PlaceMarriage
Date | Spouse		Children
Şehzade Mehmed Bahaeddin February 1883
Istanbul		 8 November 1883
Istanbul		 Pertevniyal Sultan Mausoleum Never married None
Hatice Şükriye Sultan 24 February 1906
Beşiktaş Palace
Istanbul		  1 April 1972
Istanbul		 Mahmud II Mausoleum
14 November 1923
Nişantaşi Palace
Divorced 1927		 Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin None
4 September 1935
Cairo		 Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah None
April 1949
Cairo		 Mehmed Şefik Ziya None
Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin 18 December 1908/10 January 1909
Beşiktaş Palace
Istanbul		 9 March 1933/1935
Locarno		 Mahmud II Mausoleum Never married None
Mihriban Mihrişah Sultan 30 August 1916
Beşiktaş Palace
Istanbul		 25 January 1987
Istanbul		 Mahmud II Mausoleum
31 July 1948
Alexandria		 Şehzade Ömer Faruk None
Şevket Arslanoğlu None

Ancestry

References
  1. Adra, Jamil (2005). Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005. pp. 8.
  2. Harun Açba (2007). Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924. Profil. pp. 22–3. ISBN 978-9-759-96109-1.
  3. YUSUF İZZEDDİN EFENDİ (1857–1916): Sultan Abdülaziz’in oğlu, veliaht şehzade
  4. Brookes 2010, p. 4, 291.
  5. Havacılık tarihinde Türkler: En eski çağlardan 1. Dünya Savaşına kadar. Hava Kuvvetleri Basım ve Neşriyat Müd. 1971. p. 66.
  6. Yıldırım, Tahsin (2006). Veliahd Yusuf İzzettin Efendi Öldürüldü mü? İntihar mı etti?. Çatı Yayıncılık. p. 47.
  7. Zachs & Weismann 2005, p. 41.
  8. Zachs & Weismann 2005, p. 42.
  9. Zachs & Weismann 2005, p. 43.
  10. Zürcher, Erik J. (15 October 2004). Turkey: A Modern History, Revised Edition. I.B.Tauris. pp. 73. ISBN 978-1-850-43399-6.
  11. Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975, Volume 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8.
  12. Davison, Roderic H. (8 December 2015). Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876. Princeton University Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-1-400-87876-5.
  13. Brookes 2010, p. 43.
  14. Brookes 2010, p. 280.
  15. Şerifoğlu, Ömer Faruk (2004). Abdülmecid Efendi, Ottoman prince and painter. YKY. pp. 32, 61. ISBN 978-9-750-80883-8.
  16. Brookes 2010, p. 291.
  17. Monarchies and the Great War. Springer. 2018. p. 146. ISBN 978-3-319-89515-4.
  18. Kedourie, Sylvia (1998). Turkey: Identity, Democracy, Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-714-64447-9.
  19. Tuna, Mahinur (2007). İlk Türk kadın ressam: Mihri Rasim (Müşfik) Açba : 1886 İstanbul-1954 New-York. As Yayın. p. 29. ISBN 978-9-750-17250-2.
  20. Açba 2007.
  21. Açba 2007, p. 183 n. 84.
  22. Brookes 2010, p. 283.
  23. Zachs & Weismann 2005, p. 53 n. 66.
  24. Öztuncay, Bahattin (2005). Hatıra-i uhuvvet: portre fotoğrafların cazibesi, 1846-1950. Aygaz. p. 100.

Sources
  • Açba, Harun (2007). Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924. Profil. ISBN 978-9-759-96109-1.
  • The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5.
  • Zachs, Weismann; Weismann, Itzchak (24 March 2005). Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-850-43757-4.
  • New York Times, 4 February 1916
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