Zinnia

Zinnia
Zinnia flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Asterids
Order:Asterales
Family:Asteraceae
Subfamily:Asteroideae
Supertribe:Helianthodae
Tribe:Heliantheae
Genus:Zinnia
L.
Type species
Chrysogonum peruvianum
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Sanvitaliopsis Sch.Bip. ex Greenm.
  • Sanvitaliopsis Sch.Bip. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
  • Tragoceros Kunth
  • Lejica Hill ex DC.
  • Lepia Hill
  • Diplothrix DC.
  • Crassina Scepin
Stereo image
Right frame 
Zinnia seeds resemble arrow heads

Zinnia is a genus of plants of the sunflower tribe within the daisy family.[3][4] They are native to scrub and dry grassland in an area stretching from the Southwestern United States to South America, with a centre of diversity in Mexico. Members of the genus are notable for their solitary long-stemmed flowers that come in a variety of bright colors. The genus name honors German master botanist Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727–59).[5]

Description

Zinnias are annuals, shrubs, and sub-shrubs native primarily to North America, with a few species in South America.[6]:338- Most species have upright stems but some have a lax habit with spreading stems that mound over the surface of the ground. They typically range in height from 10 to 100 cm tall (4" to 40").[7] The leaves are opposite and usually stalkless (sessile), with a shape ranging from linear to ovate, and a color ranging from pale to medium green. The flowers have a range of appearances, from a single row of petals to a dome shape. Zinnias may be white, chartreuse, yellow, orange, red, purple, or lilac.[5]

Species

accepted species[1][8][9]
  1. Zinnia acerosa – Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah in the United States; Coahuila, Durango, Michoacán, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, and Zacatecas in Mexico.
  2. Zinnia americana – Chiapas, Guerrero, Honduras, Jalisco, Michoacán, México State, Nayarit, Nicaragua, Oaxaca, and Veracruz.
  3. Zinnia angustifolia – Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, San Luis Potosí, and Sinaloa.
  4. Zinnia anomala – Texas; Coahuila, and Nuevo León.
  5. Zinnia bicolor – Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nayarit, and Sinaloa.
  6. Zinnia citrea – Chihuahua, Coahuila, and San Luis Potosí.
  7. Zinnia elegans from Jalisco to Paraguay; naturalized in parts of United States.
  8. Zinnia flavicoma – Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, and Oaxaca.
  9. Zinnia grandiflora – Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas; Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, and Tamaulipas.
  10. Zinnia haageana – Guanajuato, Jalisco, México State, Michoacán, and Oaxaca.
  11. Zinnia juniperifolia – Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.
  12. Zinnia maritima – Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, and Sinaloa.
  13. Zinnia microglossa – Guanajuato and Jalisco.
  14. Zinnia oligantha – Coahuila.
  15. Zinnia palmeri – Colima, Jalisco
  16. Zinnia pauciflora Phil.
  17. Zinnia peruviana – widespread from Chihuahua to Paraguay including Galápagos and West Indies; naturalized in parts of China, South Africa, and the United States.
  18. Zinnia pumila A.Gray
  19. Zinnia purpusii – Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, and Puebla.
  20. Zinnia tenuis – Chihuahua.
  21. Zinnia venusta – Guerrero.
  22. Zinnia zinnioides (Kunth) Olorode & Torres
formerly included[1]

see Glossocardia Philactis

  • Zinnia bidens – Glossocardia bidens
  • Zinnia liebmannii – Philactis zinnioides

Zinnia elegans, also known as Zinnia violacea, is the most familiar species, originally from the warm regions of Mexico being a warm–hot climate plant. Its leaves are lance-shaped and sandpapery in texture, and height ranges from 15 cm to 1 meter.[5]

Zinnia angustifolia is another Mexican species. It has a low bushy plant habit, linear foliage, and more delicate flowers than Z. elegans – usually single, and in shades of yellow, orange or white. It is also more resistant to powdery mildew than Z. elegans, and hybrids between the two species have been raised which impart this resistance on plants intermediate in appearance between the two. The Profusion series, with both single and double-flowered components, is bred by Sakata of Japan, and is among the most well-known of this hybrid group.

Zinnias seem to be a favorite of butterflies as well as hummingbirds, and many gardeners add zinnias specifically to attract them.[10][11]

Uses

Zinnias are popular garden flowers because they come in a wide range of flower colors and shapes, and they can withstand hot summer temperatures, and are easy to grow from seeds.[12] They are grown in fertile, humus-rich, and well-drained soil, in an area with full sun. They will reseed themselves each year. Over 100 cultivars have been produced since selective breeding started in the 19th century.

Zinnia peruviana was introduced to Europe in the early 1700s. Around 1790 Z. elegans (Zinnia violacea) was introduced and those plants had a single row of ray florets which were violet. In 1829, scarlet flowering plants were available under the name 'Coccinea'. Double flowering types were available in 1858, coming from India, and they were in a range of colors including shades of reds, rose, purple, orange, buff, and rose stripped.[6]:338- In time, they came to represent thinking of absent friends in the language of flowers.[13]

A number of species of zinnia are popular flowering plants, and interspecific hybrids are becoming more common.[6]:344- Their varied habits allow for uses in several parts of a garden, and their tendency to attract butterflies and hummingbirds is seen as desirable. Commercially available seeds and plants are derived from open pollinated or F1 crosses, and the first commercial F1 hybrid dates from 1960.[6]:344-

Beyond earth

In January 2016, NASA announced that a zinnia which had blossomed on the International Space Station was the first flower ever grown outside the Earth's biosphere.[14] This claim was quickly refuted by news media.[15][16]

Companion plants

In the Americas their ability to attract hummingbirds is also seen as useful as a defense against whiteflies, and therefore zinnias are a desirable companion plant, benefiting plants that are inter-cropped with it. Zinnias are grown in the summertime.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
  2. ↑ "Genus: Zinnia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. October 5, 2007. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
  3. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1759. Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1189, 1221, 1377 in Latin
  4. ↑ Tropicos, Zinnia L.
  5. 1 2 3 Flora of North America, Vol. 21 Page 7, Zinnia Linnaeus
  6. 1 2 3 4 Neil Owen Anderson (October 2007). Flower Breeding and Genetics: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-6569-9.
  7. ↑ "Zinnia in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". efloras.org.
  8. ↑ "2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps". bonap.net.
  9. ↑ The Plant List search for Zinnia
  10. ↑ Bees pollinate the florets of Zinnias. The rarest of zinnias are white. Zinnias can be dwarf with more flowers than tall zinnias. Zinnias can only be grown in the seeds. Once dried the seeds are useful for making teas. Dried florets have been good for reproducing the next generation. It won't produce the same color. The parent will die and the offspring will produce mixed of colors. "Monarch Watch". The Kansas Biological Survey, Univ of Kansas. May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
  11. ↑ "Saving Butterflies Insect Ecologist Spearheads Creation of Oases for Endangered Butterflies". ScienceDaily. January 1, 2005. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
  12. ↑ Singh, A.K. (1 January 2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 403–. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
  13. ↑ "Language of Flowers – Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments". www.languageofflowers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  14. ↑ Johnston, Ian (16 January 2016). "First flower grown in space shows there is 'other life' out there". The Independent newspaper.
  15. ↑ Taylor, Lin (18 January 2016). "Is this the first ever flower grown in space?". CNN.
  16. ↑ Feltman, Rachel (19 January 2016). "NASA astronauts just made flowers bloom in space – but they're not actually the first". The Washington Post.
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