Yu Guangyuan

Yu Guangyuan (Chinese: 于光遠; pinyin: Yǘ Guāngyuǎn; 5 July 1915 – 23 September 2013) was a prominent Chinese economist, philosopher and government official. Yu is recognized as one of the first scholars to put forward the socialist market-oriented economic system in China and to propose the theory of "the Primary Stage of Socialism"^[1] and served as a close adviser and speech-writer to the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping.

Yu was a senior member of the Political Research Office of the State Council, a deputy president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a deputy director of the Science and Technology Commission of the State Council.

Early life

Yu Guangyuan was born on 5 July 1915,in Shanghai,three years after the founding of the Republic of China. The renowned Yu (郁) family, with ties to prominent officials, intellectuals and businessmen across China including the "red-topped hat" merchant Hu Xueyan, prospered from maritime trade and banking in the mid-19th century, but declined toward the end of the Qing Dynasty. Yu Guangyuan's maternal uncle is the late Qing and early Republican politician Cao Rulin, who is said to have predicted Yu's illustrious future while holding the infant in arms. Yu's father served briefly in the Republican government during Yuan Shikai's presidency.

Yu attended Shanghai Datong High School and Utopia University before enrolling at the Department of Physics at Tsinghua University in Beijing,^[2] where he studied theoretical physics under the renowned physicist Zhou Peiyuan, who showed Yu's dissertation to Albert Einstein at the Institute for Advanced Study. His classmates at Tsinghua included Qian Sanqiang, He Zehui and Wang Daheng.^[3][4] Yu graduated from Tsinghua in 1936, but chose a different path of career. He emerged as a student leader in the December 9th movement (1935), organized the National Liberation Pioneers (Mingxian), which was intended to broaden the anti-Japanese alliance, and joined the Chinese Communist Party shortly before the Japanese invasion. His unpublished paper was finished in 1997 by physicist Peng Huanwu.

World War I and Cultural Revolution

Yu became an early organizer, along with Li Chang and Qian Weichang and Qian Jiaju, of the Chinese National Liberation Vanguard (Minxian) upon the organization's founding in 1936. The league underwent a period of transition under their leadership, which laid the foundation of the Youth League of the Communist Party.

In Yan'an, Yu preoccupied himself with the economics of agriculture. He was involved in the founding and teaching of the renowned Counter-Japanese Military and Political University. From 1937 to 1982 he held a variety of positions and was struggled against and sent to a May 7th Cadre School during the Cultural Revolution.^[5]

Reform era

In 1975 Yu was assigned as a senior member of the Party Research Office of the State Council, and later of the Political Research Office, along with Hu Qiaomu, Wu Lengxi, Hu Sheng, Xiong Fu, Li Xin and Deng Liqun. He served concurrently as the deputy president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a deputy director of the Science and Technology Commission of the State Council.

During the Third Plenary Session, Yu participated in the Northwestern Group along with other 34 attendees, including Xu Xiangqian and Hu Yaobang. Yu's criticism of the Two Whatevers camp of Wang Dongxing, Wu De, Chen Xilian and Ji Dengkui gained momentum in the conference, leading to the downfall of many Hua Guofeng allies in the aftermath of the conference.^[6]

Yu worked closely with Deng Xiaoping before and during Deng’s periods of ascendancy, and drafted the reformist leader's famous speech at the Third Plenary Session.^[7] Yu was a "major author of the whole concept" of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.^[8]

Active in economic policy, Yu contributed to Deng's plan to develop Shenzhen as an economic zone. He proposed even to facilitate borders control between Hong Kong and Shenzhen to boost economic activity and foreign trade, as early as in 1978. The next year, he worked with Xi Zhongxun on the development of Shekou.^[9] In the 1980s, he turned similar attention to Hainan.

Academics

Known as "Encyclopedic" and a polymath, Yu is one of the most prolific authors of his time. In the 1960s, he authored and edited the "Political Economy Reader" with Su Xing and Gu Zhun, which served for decades as the standard economics textbook in China. The young Wu Jinglian was his research assistant in the writing project. Since the late 1970s, Yu proposed that commodity economy and market economy are compatible with socialism, a process of which China still remained on the initial stage. Supported by Deng Xiaoping, he was also one of the leading voices in a public debate over the measurement of truth in relation to politics. Yu also wrote extensively on the economics of education, games, leisure and entertainment.

In the making of Chinese economic policies in the 1980s, Yu advocated for adding to the slogan "Look Forward" (向前看) that of "Look to Money" (向钱看), the latter a homophonic pun on the former, both pronounced "Xiang Qian Kan." Once in the presence of an assembly of high-level officials and scholars gathered to criticise his economic thoughts, Yu affirmed that the pursuit of self-interest in the free market is central to the developing a successful commercial economy, that to focus on profit only and to denounce the pursuit of profit are equally undesirable, and that "it is by 'looking to money' that one could 'look ahead.'" This glaring rhetoric, for a long time subject to criticism from the more conservative Marxists, became the banner under which contemporary and later generations of economists make the case for reform.^[10]

Yu was also a prolific author of memoirs that have become primary historical sources, such as his account of personal experiences in the Cultural Revolution. "You don't want to forget the past. To forget the past is to lose control over the future," he wrote in the forward to his 1995 work, The Cultural Revolution and Myself.^[11] Also among them is the only available, comprehensive eyewitness account of the Third Plenum. Ezra Vogel says in the introductory remark of the English translation:

“…Thanks to Yu’s account, we now understand the nature of the Party Work Conference and the drama that took place there. Until Yu’s book appeared, it was possible for Western scholars to argue that the turning point in reform and opening was at the Third Plenum of December 1978. We now know that the key debates were held at the 34-day Party Work Conference … and that the Third Plenum which followed immediately was essentially ceremonial, officially approving the new consensus worked out at the Party Work Conference.”^[12]

Miscellany

A long-time advocate for games, Yu helped founded the World Mahjong Organization (WMO) and was elected its first president in 2006. At the conference in the following year, it was decided that the World Mahjong Championship (WMC) is to be held every two years and that Chinese, English and Japanese are the official languages of the WMO.^[13] Yu has been described as one of Mahjong's "most stalwart defenders." The game had been for a long time denigrated as decadent 'bourgeois culture' in mainland China, especially during the Cultural Revolution. Yu played an instrumental role in recovering its reputation since the country's market reforms. "It is the fault of people that they use mahjong to gamble," he says, "not the fault of the game."^[14]

Major publications

• Economic Writings of Yu Guangyuan (Volumes I-XXII) 2015
• Collected Works of Yu Guangyuan (Routledge Studies on the Chinese Economy) 2013
• Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World: An Eyewitness Account of China's Party Work Conference and the Third Plenum (November–December 1978) (Voices of Asia), English Edition 2004
• On Institutional Reforms of the Chinese Economy 1985
• Political Economy (Capitalism) 1977-1978

References

• Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World: An Eyewitness Account of China's Party Work Conference and the Third Plenum (November–December 1978) (Voices of Asia), translated by Ezra F. Vogel, Steven I. Levine. 2004
• "Review: Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World" by Frederick C. Teiwes^[1]
• "Yu Guangyuang, the economist who inspired Deng Xiaoping's reforms"
• "Chinese economist Yu Guangyuan passes away at 98"