Isotopes of ytterbium

Naturally occurring Ytterbium (₇₀Yb) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb, ¹⁷¹Yb, ¹⁷²Yb, ¹⁷³Yb, ¹⁷⁴Yb, and ¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.026 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being ^169mYb (t_1/2 46 seconds).

The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.967 u (¹⁴⁸Yb) to 180.9562 u (¹⁸¹Yb). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁷⁴Yb is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before ¹⁷⁴Yb are isotopes of thulium, and the primary products after are isotopes of lutetium. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose–Einstein statistics or Fermi–Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices.

List of isotopes

Nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	Isotopic mass (u)	Half-life	Decay mode(s)^[3]^{[n 1]}	Daughter isotope(s)^{[n 2]}	Nuclear spin and parity	Representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	Range of natural variation (mole fraction)
Nuclide symbol	Excitation energy			Half-life	Decay mode(s)^[3]^{[n 1]}	Daughter isotope(s)^{[n 2]}	Nuclear spin and parity	Representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	Range of natural variation (mole fraction)
¹⁴⁸Yb	70	78	147.96742(64)#	250# ms	β⁺	¹⁴⁸Tm	0+
¹⁴⁹Yb	70	79	148.96404(54)#	0.7(2) s	β⁺	¹⁴⁹Tm	(1/2+,3/2+)
¹⁵⁰Yb	70	80	149.95842(43)#	700# ms [>200 ns]	β⁺	¹⁵⁰Tm	0+
¹⁵¹Yb	70	81	150.95540(32)	1.6(5) s	β⁺	¹⁵¹Tm	(1/2+)
¹⁵¹Yb	70	81	150.95540(32)	1.6(5) s	β⁺, p (rare)	¹⁵⁰Er	(1/2+)
^151m1Yb	750(100)# keV			1.6(5) s	β⁺	¹⁵¹Tm	(11/2−)
^151m1Yb	750(100)# keV			1.6(5) s	β⁺, p (rare)	¹⁵⁰Er	(11/2−)
^151m2Yb	1790(500)# keV			2.6(7) µs			19/2−#
^151m3Yb	2450(500)# keV			20(1) µs			27/2−#
¹⁵²Yb	70	82	151.95029(22)	3.04(6) s	β⁺	¹⁵²Tm	0+
¹⁵²Yb	70	82	151.95029(22)	3.04(6) s	β⁺, p (rare)	¹⁵¹Er	0+
¹⁵³Yb	70	83	152.94948(21)#	4.2(2) s	α (50%)	¹⁴⁹Er	7/2−#
					β⁺ (50%)	¹⁵³Tm
					β⁺, p (.008%)	¹⁵²Er
^153mYb	2700(100) keV			15(1) µs			(27/2−)
¹⁵⁴Yb	70	84	153.946394(19)	0.409(2) s	α (92.8%)	¹⁵⁰Er	0+
¹⁵⁴Yb	70	84	153.946394(19)	0.409(2) s	β⁺ (7.119%)	¹⁵⁴Tm	0+
¹⁵⁵Yb	70	85	154.945782(18)	1.793(19) s	α (89%)	¹⁵¹Er	(7/2−)
¹⁵⁵Yb	70	85	154.945782(18)	1.793(19) s	β⁺ (11%)	¹⁵⁵Tm	(7/2−)
¹⁵⁶Yb	70	86	155.942818(12)	26.1(7) s	β⁺ (90%)	¹⁵⁶Tm	0+
¹⁵⁶Yb	70	86	155.942818(12)	26.1(7) s	α (10%)	¹⁵²Er	0+
¹⁵⁷Yb	70	87	156.942628(11)	38.6(10) s	β⁺ (99.5%)	¹⁵⁷Tm	7/2−
¹⁵⁷Yb	70	87	156.942628(11)	38.6(10) s	α (.5%)	¹⁵³Er	7/2−
¹⁵⁸Yb	70	88	157.939866(9)	1.49(13) min	β⁺ (99.99%)	¹⁵⁸Tm	0+
¹⁵⁸Yb	70	88	157.939866(9)	1.49(13) min	α (.0021%)	¹⁵⁴Er	0+
¹⁵⁹Yb	70	89	158.94005(2)	1.67(9) min	β⁺	¹⁵⁹Tm	5/2(−)
¹⁶⁰Yb	70	90	159.937552(18)	4.8(2) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁰Tm	0+
¹⁶¹Yb	70	91	160.937902(17)	4.2(2) min	β⁺	¹⁶¹Tm	3/2−
¹⁶²Yb	70	92	161.935768(17)	18.87(19) min	β⁺	¹⁶²Tm	0+
¹⁶³Yb	70	93	162.936334(17)	11.05(25) min	β⁺	¹⁶³Tm	3/2−
¹⁶⁴Yb	70	94	163.934489(17)	75.8(17) min	EC	¹⁶⁴Tm	0+
¹⁶⁵Yb	70	95	164.93528(3)	9.9(3) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁵Tm	5/2−
¹⁶⁶Yb	70	96	165.933882(9)	56.7(1) h	EC	¹⁶⁶Tm	0+
¹⁶⁷Yb	70	97	166.934950(5)	17.5(2) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁷Tm	5/2−
¹⁶⁸Yb	70	98	167.933897(5)	Observationally Stable^{[n 3]}			0+	0.0013(1)
¹⁶⁹Yb	70	99	168.935190(5)	32.026(5) d	EC	¹⁶⁹Tm	7/2+
^169mYb	24.199(3) keV			46(2) s	IT	¹⁶⁹Yb	1/2−
¹⁷⁰Yb	70	100	169.9347618(26)	Observationally Stable^{[n 4]}			0+	0.0304(15)
^170mYb	1258.46(14) keV			370(15) ns			4−
¹⁷¹Yb	70	101	170.9363258(26)	Observationally Stable^{[n 5]}			1/2−	0.1428(57)
^171m1Yb	95.282(2) keV			5.25(24) ms	IT	¹⁷¹Yb	7/2+
^171m2Yb	122.416(2) keV			265(20) ns			5/2−
¹⁷²Yb	70	102	171.9363815(26)	Observationally Stable^{[n 6]}			0+	0.2183(67)
¹⁷³Yb	70	103	172.9382108(26)	Observationally Stable^{[n 7]}			5/2−	0.1613(27)
^173mYb	398.9(5) keV			2.9(1) µs			1/2−
¹⁷⁴Yb	70	104	173.9388621(26)	Observationally Stable^{[n 8]}			0+	0.3183(92)
¹⁷⁵Yb	70	105	174.9412765(26)	4.185(1) d	β⁻	¹⁷⁵Lu	7/2−
^175mYb	514.865(4) keV			68.2(3) ms			1/2−
¹⁷⁶Yb	70	106	175.9425717(28)	Observationally Stable^{[n 9]}			0+	0.1276(41)
^176mYb	1050.0(3) keV			11.4(3) s			(8)−
¹⁷⁷Yb	70	107	176.9452608(28)	1.911(3) h	β⁻	¹⁷⁷Lu	(9/2+)
^177mYb	331.5(3) keV			6.41(2) s	IT	¹⁷⁷Yb	(1/2−)
¹⁷⁸Yb	70	108	177.946647(11)	74(3) min	β⁻	¹⁷⁸Lu	0+
¹⁷⁹Yb	70	109	178.95017(32)#	8.0(4) min	β⁻	¹⁷⁹Lu	(1/2−)
¹⁸⁰Yb	70	110	179.95233(43)#	2.4(5) min	β⁻	¹⁸⁰Lu	0+
¹⁸¹Yb	70	111	180.95615(43)#	1# min	β⁻	¹⁸¹Lu	3/2−#
¹⁸²Yb^{[n 10]}	70	112		> 160 ns	β⁻	¹⁸²Lu	0+

↑ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
↑ Bold for stable isotopes
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁴Er or β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁶⁸Er with a half-life over 130×10¹² years
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁶Er
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁷Er
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁸Er
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁹Er
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁰Er
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷²Er or β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁷⁶Hf with a half-life over 160×10¹⁵ years
↑ Cluster decay daughter of ²³²Th

Notes

Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.

References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights 2015". Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weight of Ytterbium Revised". Chemistry International. October 2015. p. 26. doi:10.1515/ci-2015-0512. eISSN 0193-6484. ISSN 0193-6484.
↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (Registration required (help)).

Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillonn (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[4] Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition

[5] Bold for stable isotopes

[6] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁴Er or β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁶⁸Er with a half-life over 130×10¹² years

[7] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁶Er

[8] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁷Er

[9] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁸Er

[10] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁶⁹Er

[11] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁰Er

[12] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷²Er or β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁷⁶Hf with a half-life over 160×10¹⁵ years

[13] Cluster decay daughter of ²³²Th

[CIAAW2015-1] "Standard Atomic Weights 2015". Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2017.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weight of Ytterbium Revised". Chemistry International. October 2015. p. 26. doi:10.1515/ci-2015-0512. eISSN 0193-6484. ISSN 0193-6484.

[3] "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (Registration required (help)).