Wilhelmina Kekelaokalaninui Widemann Dowsett

Wilhelmina Widemann Dowsett
Wilhelmina Dowsett and her husband Jack Dowsett, c. 1890s
Born Wilhelmina Kekelaokalaninui Widemann
(1861-03-28)March 28, 1861
Lihue, Kingdom of Hawaii
Died December 10, 1929(1929-12-10) (aged 68)
Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii
Resting place Oahu Cemetery
Political party Democrat
Spouse(s) John McKibbin Dowsett
Children 3
Parent(s) Hermann A. Widemann
Mary Kaumana Pilahiuilani
Wilhelmina with her father Hermann A. Widemann and nephew Charlie Berger, 1886

Wilhelmine or Wilhelmina Kekelaokalaninui Widemann Dowsett (March 28, 1861 – December 10, 1929) was a Native Hawaiian suffragist who helped organize the National Women's Equal Suffrage Association of Hawaii, the first women's suffrage club in the Territory of Hawaii in 1912. She actively campaigned for the rights of local women to vote prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920.

Early life and family

She was born on March 28, 1861, at Lihue, Kauai, the daughter of German immigrant and businessman Hermann A. Widemann and his Hawaiian wife Mary Kaumana Pilahiuilani. There was some disagreement about the exact royal descent of her mother after her death, although her mother's grandfather Kalawa was a retainer of the aliʻi of Kauai. Her father was a prominent politician of the Kingdom of Hawaii and a cabinet minister of the last queen Liliʻuokalani.[1][2]

On April 30, 1888, she married John "Jack" McKibbin Dowsett (1862–1929), a grandson of the British Captain Samuel James Dowsett who settled in Hawaii in 1828. Their wedding at the St. Andrew's Cathedral in Honolulu was attended by members of the Hawaiian Royal Family including King Kalākaua, Queen Kapiʻolani, Princesses Liliʻuokalani and Kaʻiulani.[3] Her husband became a successful businessman with interests in banking, fire insurance, the sugar industry and interisland steamers and became the largest shareholder of Waianae Sugar Company. He served as a Republican Senator in the Hawaii Territorial Legislature from 1905 to 1907 and served as an official on the Board of Agriculture and Foresty and the Board of Prison Inspectors.[4][5][6] They had three children: Herbert Melville Kualii (1890–?), Frank Llewellyn Lunalilo (1891–1962), and Alice Aileen Kekuiapoiwa Liliha (1898–1983).[4][7]

Women's suffrage in Hawaii

After the annexation of Hawaii to the United States, she became a prominent leader of the women's suffrage. The enfranchisement of the women of California, Oregon and Washington in the 1910s contributed to an increased interest in the movement in Hawaii. In 1912, at the request of the women of Honolulu, Dowsett organized the National Women's Equal Suffrage Association of Hawaii (WESAH), the first local women's suffrage club.[8] The group insisted on being referred to as suffragists rather than suffragettes, which carried with it the negative association with the militant British movement. Its constitution was modeled after the National Woman Suffrage Association with Dowsett as the president.[9][8][10] Carrie Chapman Catt, visiting from the mainland, was invited to speak with the group on October 28, 1918 and contributed to the growing interest.[9][11][12] The Honolulu Star-Bulletin noted:

The Hawaiian women are anxious to vote and they are ready to do all they can to gain equal suffrage. One of the members said yesterday that up to the present time the native women have not known just what steps to take and therefore have made no progress but she said that with Mrs. Dowsett as the president they feel that the cause will surely advance. All of the members are anxious to be active and want to arouse Interest among all of the women in the city irrespective of nationality.[8]

Wealthy women of Native Hawaiian and biracial descents like Dowsett, Emma Ahuena Davison Taylor and Emma Nāwahi were the initial leaders of this movement while women of Euro-American descent (i.e. the "missionary set") were less inclined to support the cause due to concern about the increased enfranchisement of non-white female voters.[9][13] The white oligarchy headed by the Republicans were also concerned that the politically active wives of Republican men would vote as Democrats. Dowsett was believed to be a Democrat while her husband ran in the territorial elections as a Republican.[13] During a meeting of the organization with local politicians in 1913, Dowsett argued that women were superior to men, stating:

I can speak for my Hawaiian sisters, and I can say that in every way the woman is man's superior. She will not only cast her vote fully as intelligently—she will vote, honestly. There isn't enough money in the world to buy her vote.. And on the jury she will decide as intelligently, while there will be no question as to her verdict"[14]

The major obstacle to female enfranchisement was the Organic Act which established the Territory of Hawaii and specifically forbid the territorial legislature from granting suffrage contrary to the federal constitution unlike most other state constitutions. With the assistance of suffragist leaders on the mainland such as Almira Hollander Pitman and Catt, Hawaiian suffragist leaders and their allies were able to push an act, ignored up to that point, through Congress granting Hawaii the power to decide on the issue.[9] In 1919, a bill granting the vote to women in the Territory was being discussed in the legislature. It became deadlocked due to disagreement within the legislature with opponents wanting a referendum on the issue. Dowsett made a tour of the other Hawaiian Islands in an attempt to get more popular support for the bill's passing. The bill never passed since the following year Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, granting all women in the United States the right to vote.[9]

Death

Dowsett died at Honolulu on December 10, 1929, shortly after her husband's death on September 1 of the same year. She was described as an "invalid" for the last year of her life.[15] Following a private funeral, her cremated remains were buried next to her husband at the Oahu Cemetery.[15][16]

References

  1. ↑ McKinzie 1986, pp. 127–142.
  2. ↑ Yasutake 2017, pp. 119–120.
  3. ↑ "Nupitals – Mr. J. M. Dowsett and Miss W. Widemann United in Marriage". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. May 1, 1888. p. 2.
  4. 1 2 Nellist, George F., ed. (1925). "John McKibbon Dowsett, Business Executive". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu: Honolulu Star Bulletin.
  5. ↑ Hawaii & Lydecker 1918, pp. 272, 274–275.
  6. ↑ "Dowsett, John M. office record" (PDF), state archives digital collections, state of Hawaii, retrieved February 3, 2017
  7. ↑ McKinzie 1986, p. 135.
  8. 1 2 3 "Suffragists Hold Special Meetings; Plans For Future – Under Leadership of Mrs. J. M. Dowsett Interest Is Rapidly Increasing". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. October 18, 1912. p. 5.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Harper 1922, pp. 715–719.
  10. ↑ "Political Notes". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. October 24, 1912. p. 8.
  11. ↑ Yasutake 2017, pp. 114–116.
  12. ↑ "Suffragists In Good Meeting". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. October 15, 1912. p. 5.
  13. 1 2 Yasutake 2017, pp. 119–124.
  14. ↑ "Equal Suffrage Hotly Debated". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. April 25, 1913. p. 7.
  15. 1 2 "Deaths Claim Widow of Late J. M. Dowsett". Honolulu Star Bulletin. Honolulu. December 11, 1929. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. (Subscription required (help)). ; "Deaths". Honolulu Star Bulletin. Honolulu. December 12, 1929. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. (Subscription required (help)). ; "Private Funeral for Mrs. Dowsett". The Honolulu Advertiser. Honolulu. December 12, 1929. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. (Subscription required (help)). ; "Dowsett Rites To Be Held At 4 P.M." Honolulu Star Bulletin. Honolulu. December 12, 1929. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. (Subscription required (help)).
  16. ↑ Grave Marker of Dowsett family. Honolulu, HI: Oahu Cemetery.

Bibliography

  • Harper, Ida Husted, ed. (1922). History of Woman Suffrage: 1900–1920. VI. New York: National American Woman Suffrage Association. OCLC 10703030.
  • Hawaii (1918). Lydecker, Robert Colfax, ed. Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company. OCLC 60737418.
  • McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1986). Stagner, Ishmael W., ed. Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-939154-37-1. OCLC 12555087.
  • Yasutake, Rumi (2017). "Re-Franchising Women of Hawaiʻi, 1912–1920: Politics of Gender, Sovereignty, Race, and Rank at the Crossroads of the Pacific". In Choy, Catherine Ceniza; Wu, Judy Tzu-Chun. Gendering the Trans-Pacific World. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-33610-0. OCLC 976394366.
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