Werndl–Holub rifle

M1867 Werndl–Holub
Type Service rifle
Place of origin Austria-Hungary
Service history
In service 1867–1918
Used by

Afghanistan[1]
Principality of Albania[2]
Austria-Hungary
Argentina (limited use) [3][4]
Czechoslovakia
Ethiopian Empire[5]
Montenegro
Persia[6]
Polish Legions in World War I
Poland[7][8][9]
Ukrainian Sich Riflemen[10]

Kingdom of Yugoslavia[11]
Wars

Krivošije uprising 1869
Herzegovina uprising 1875–1877[12]
Montenegrin–Ottoman War 1876–78
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
Battles for Plav and Gusinje 1879-1880
Argentine Civil War 1880
Kurdish uprising 1880-1881[13]
Herzegovina uprising 1882
First Italo-Ethiopian War 1894-1896[14]
First Balkan War 1912-1913
Second Balkan War 1913
World War I (limited)[15]
Ukrainian War of Independence 1917-1921 (limited)
Retaking of Czech Borderland 1918-1919 (limited)
Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia 1918-1919 (limited)
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 1918-1920 (limited)
Hungarian–Czechoslovak War 1918-1919 (limited)[16]
Polish–Ukrainian War 1918-1919 (limited)
Silesian Uprisings 1919-1921
Polish–Czechoslovak War 1919 (limited)

Polish–Soviet War 1919-1921 (limited)[17]
Production history
Designer Josef Werndl and Karel Holub
Designed 1860s
Manufacturer up to 1873 Josef und Franz Werndl & Comp. and also F. Fruwirth a Bentz, after 1873 only Werndl's factory OEWG- Oesterreichische Waffenfabriks- Gesellschaft in Steyr
Produced 1867–1888
No. built 500,000 (approx.)
Variants M1873
M67/77
M73/77
Extra-Corps Carbine
Finance-Gewehr Carbine
Cavalry Carbine
Specifications
Weight 9.65 lb (4.4 kg)
Length 50.4 in (128.0 cm)
Barrel length 33.3 in (84.6 cm)
Cartridge 11.15×42mmR (M1867)
11×58mmR (1877 Upgrade)
Caliber 11.15 mm
Action Rotating drum bolt
Feed system Single-shot breech-loading
Sights Iron sights

The M1867 Werndl–Holub was a single-shot breechloading rifle that the Austro-Hungarian army adopted in 1867. It replaced the Wanzl breechloader conversion of the muzzle-loading Lorenz rifle. Josef Werndl (1831–1889) and Karel Holub (1830–1903) designed and patented their rifle; Werndl later bought out all the rights, but was involved in name only.

The unique breechloading system of the Werndl
M1877 bayonet and scabbard

ŒWG (Österreichische Waffenfabriksgesellschaft) produced the Werndl and chambered it for the 11mm scharfe Patrone M.67[15] (11.15×42mmR) cartridge. In 1877, the military rechambered the Werndl for the bottleneck 11mm scharfe Patrone M.77 (11.15×58mmR) cartridge.

In spite of the Werndl being long obsolete by World War I, the Austro-Hungarian forces issued Werndl rifles to rear-echelon units to free up more modern rifles for use by front-line troops.[15]

Comparison with contemporary rifles

Comparison of 1880s rifles[18]
Calibre System Country Velocity Height of trajectory Ammunition
Muzzle 500 yd (460 m) 1,000 yd (910 m) 1,500 yd (1,400 m) 2,000 yd (1,800 m) 500 yd (460 m) 1,000 yd (910 m) 1,500 yd (1,400 m) 2,000 yd (1,800 m) Propellant Bullet
.433 in (11.0 mm) Werndl–Holub rifle Austria-Hungary 1,439 ft/s (439 m/s) 854 ft/s (260 m/s) 620 ft/s (190 m/s) 449 ft/s (137 m/s) 328 ft/s (100 m/s) 8.252 ft (2.515 m) 49.41 ft (15.06 m) 162.6 ft (49.6 m) 426.0 ft (129.8 m) 77 gr (5.0 g) 370 gr (24 g)
.45 in (11.43 mm) Martini–Henry United Kingdom 1,315 ft/s (401 m/s) 869 ft/s (265 m/s) 664 ft/s (202 m/s) 508 ft/s (155 m/s) 389 ft/s (119 m/s) 9.594 ft (2.924 m) 47.90 ft (14.60 m) 147.1 ft (44.8 m) 357.85 ft (109.07 m) 85 gr (5.5 g) 480 gr (31 g)
.433 in (11.0 mm) Fusil Gras mle 1874 France 1,489 ft/s (454 m/s) 878 ft/s (268 m/s) 643 ft/s (196 m/s) 471 ft/s (144 m/s) 348 ft/s (106 m/s) 7.769 ft (2.368 m) 46.6 ft (14.2 m) 151.8 ft (46.3 m) 389.9 ft (118.8 m) 80 gr (5.2 g) 386 gr (25.0 g)
.433 in (11.0 mm) Mauser Model 1871 Germany 1,430 ft/s (440 m/s) 859 ft/s (262 m/s) 629 ft/s (192 m/s) 459 ft/s (140 m/s) 388 ft/s (118 m/s) 8.249 ft (2.514 m) 48.68 ft (14.84 m) 159.2 ft (48.5 m) 411.1 ft (125.3 m) 75 gr (4.9 g) 380 gr (25 g)
.408 in (10.4 mm) M1870 Italian Vetterli Italy 1,430 ft/s (440 m/s) 835 ft/s (255 m/s) 595 ft/s (181 m/s) 422 ft/s (129 m/s) 304 ft/s (93 m/s) 8.527 ft (2.599 m) 52.17 ft (15.90 m) 176.3 ft (53.7 m) 469.9 ft (143.2 m) 62 gr (4.0 g) 310 gr (20 g)
.397 in (10.08 mm) Jarmann M1884 Norway and Sweden 1,536 ft/s (468 m/s) 908 ft/s (277 m/s) 675 ft/s (206 m/s) 504 ft/s (154 m/s) 377 ft/s (115 m/s) 7.235 ft (2.205 m) 42.97 ft (13.10 m) 137.6 ft (41.9 m) 348.5 ft (106.2 m) 77 gr (5.0 g) 337 gr (21.8 g)
.42 in (10.67 mm) Berdan rifle Russia 1,444 ft/s (440 m/s) 873 ft/s (266 m/s) 645 ft/s (197 m/s) 476 ft/s (145 m/s) 353 ft/s (108 m/s) 7.995 ft (2.437 m) 47.01 ft (14.33 m) 151.7 ft (46.2 m) 388.7 ft (118.5 m) 77 gr (5.0 g) 370 gr (24 g)
.45 in (11.43 mm) Springfield model 1884 United States 1,301 ft/s (397 m/s) 875 ft/s (267 m/s) 676 ft/s (206 m/s) 523 ft/s (159 m/s) 404 ft/s (123 m/s) 8.574 ft (2.613 m) 46.88 ft (14.29 m) 142.3 ft (43.4 m) 343.0 ft (104.5 m) 70 gr (4.5 g) 500 gr (32 g)
.40 in (10.16 mm) Enfield-Martini United Kingdom 1,570 ft/s (480 m/s) 947 ft/s (289 m/s) 719 ft/s (219 m/s) 553 ft/s (169 m/s) 424 ft/s (129 m/s) 6.704 ft (2.043 m) 39.00 ft (11.89 m) 122.0 ft (37.2 m) 298.47 ft (90.97 m) 85 gr (5.5 g) 384 gr (24.9 g)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The military rifle cartridges of Afghanistan part 1: from Alexander to Enfields. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  2. ↑ https://books.google.cz/books?id=i2IpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=werndl+Albania&source=bl&ots=7f3v-5toLX&sig=JIHNfO6K1PjrvGlYQbUSTCMCQT4&hl=cs&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj66NHWreLcAhXHN8AKHTZWDsMQ6AEwDnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=werndl&f=false
  3. ↑ ".: Full Aventura :. - Armas - Armas de nuestra historia - 1º parte". Fullaventura.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  4. ↑ http://www.legionitaliana.com.ar/FuerzasSitioBuenosAires1880.PDF
  5. ↑ "Ethiopian military rifle cartridges part 1: from the Queen of Sheba to Adowa. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  6. ↑ electricpulp.com. "FIREARMS i. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  7. ↑ "RIA: Gewehr 29/40 Mauser". Forgottenweapons.com. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "OKOP - Sklep z Militariami Kolekcjonerska Broń Deko". Okop.com.pl. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ https://ospreypublishing.com/blog/osprey_remembers_4
  11. ↑ "ČASOPIS ZA ZGODOVINO IN NARODOPISJE : Review for History and Ethnography" (PDF). Sistory.si. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  12. ↑ Teinović, Bratislav. "Srpski ustanak u Bosni 1875-1878., Banjaluka 2006". Academia.edu. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  13. ↑ Farmanfarmaian, Roxane (30 January 2008). "War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present". Routledge. p. 63. Retrieved 5 August 2018 – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ https://www.forgottenweapons.com/1867-werndl-video/
  15. 1 2 3 Scarlata, Paul (1 August 2011). "Austro-Hungarian Rifles of World War 1 – Part One: Many Peoples – Many Rifles!". Shotgun News. 65 (21): 48.
  16. ↑ https://snn.sk/sokolstvo-v-bojoch-o-slovensko/
  17. ↑ https://dobroni.pl/n/karabin-i-karabinek/12612
  18. ↑ "The New Martini-Enfield Rifle" (PDF). The Engineer. 2 July 1886. p. 16. Retrieved 3 April 2017 – via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History.


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