Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer

Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer
Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer on their wedding day
Date 29 July 1981,[1] 11:20 am BST
Location St Paul's Cathedral, London
Participants Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer

The wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer took place on Wednesday 29 July 1981[1] at St Paul's Cathedral in London, United Kingdom. The groom was the heir to the British throne, and the bride was a member of the Spencer family.

The ceremony was a traditional Church of England wedding service. The Dean of St Paul's Cathedral Alan Webster presided at the service, and the Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie conducted the marriage. Notable figures in attendance included many members of other royal families, republican heads of state, and members of the bride's and groom's families. After the ceremony, the couple made the traditional appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. The United Kingdom had a national holiday on that day to mark the wedding.[2] The ceremony featured many ceremonial aspects, including use of the state carriages and roles for the Foot Guards and Household Cavalry.

Their marriage was widely billed as a "fairytale wedding" and the "wedding of the century". It was watched by an estimated global TV audience of 750 million people.[2][3] Events were held around the Commonwealth to mark the wedding. Many street parties were held throughout the United Kingdom to celebrate the occasion. The couple separated in 1992 and divorced in 1996.

Engagement

The Prince of Wales had known Lady Diana Spencer for several years. They first met in 1977.[4] He took serious interest in her as a potential bride in 1980 when they were guests at a country weekend, where she watched him play polo. He invited her for a sailing weekend to Cowes aboard the royal yacht Britannia as their relationship began to develop. This was followed by an invitation to Balmoral Castle, the Windsor family's Scottish home, to meet his family.[5][6] Diana was well received at Balmoral by the Queen, Prince Philip, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The couple then had several dates in London. Diana and Charles had been seeing each other for about six months when he proposed on 3 February 1981 in the nursery at Windsor Castle. Diana had planned a holiday for the next week, and Charles hoped she would use the time to consider her answer.[7] Diana accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for the next few weeks.[8] Diana later claimed that the couple had met only 13 times in total before the announcement of their engagement.[9]

Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981,[10] and the couple gave an exclusive interview.[11] During the public announcement of the engagement, Diana wore a "cobalt blue skirt suit" by the British label Cojana.[12][13] Diana selected an elegant, large £30,000 engagement ring that consisted of 14 solitaire diamonds surrounding a 12-carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire set in 18-carat white gold.[14]

Two nights before the wedding, a gala ball was held at Buckingham Palace, and the Queen subsequently hosted a dinner for a crowd of 90 individuals.[15] A reception with dancing for 1,500 people was also held. Among the invitees were the royal household's members and staff.[16] The night before the wedding 150 people, including heads of states and governments, were invited for a dinner with the Queen.[16]

Wedding

Combined coat of arms of Charles and Diana, the Prince and Princess of Wales

3,500 guests made up the congregation at St Paul's Cathedral.[7] Charles and Diana selected St Paul's over Westminster Abbey, the traditional site of royal weddings, because St. Paul's offered more seating[9] and permitted a longer procession through London.

The ceremony was a traditional Church of England wedding service, presided over by the Most Reverend Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury,[2] and the Very Reverend Alan Webster, Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral. 660,000 spectators lined the route of Diana's procession from Clarence House, with 4,000 police and 2,200 military officers to manage the crowds.[7] The security increased and sharpshooters were stationed due to the potential threat of an attack by the Irish Republican guerrillas.[9][15][17] The security screenings in the airports also increased.[18] The cost of the wedding was later estimated to be $48 million in total (between $70 and $110 when adjusted for inflation) with $600,000 being spent on security.[9][19][20]

Regiments from the Commonwealth realms participated in the procession, including the Royal Regiment of Canada.[21]

At 10:22 BST the Queen and the royal family were taken to the cathedral in eight carriages. The Prince of Wales in the gold-encrusted coach which was later used following the ceremony to take the couple back to Buckingham Palace.[16] Lady Diana arrived at the cathedral in the Glass Coach with her father, John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer; she was escorted by six mounted Metropolitan Police officers.[7] She arrived almost on time for the 11:20 BST ceremony.[2] The carriage was too small to hold the two of them comfortably due to her voluminous dress and train.[9] As the choir sang "Trumpet Voluntary", an anthem by Jeremiah Clarke, the bride made the three-and-a-half minute walk up the aisle.[2][22]

Diana accidentally changed the order of Charles's names during her vows, saying "Philip Charles Arthur George" instead of the correct "Charles Philip Arthur George".[2] She did not promise to "obey" him as part of the traditional vows. That word was eliminated at the couple's request, which caused a sensation at the time.[23] Charles also made an error. He said he would offer her "thy goods" instead of "my worldly goods".[24] In keeping with tradition, the couple's wedding rings were crafted from Welsh gold from the Clogau St David's mine in Bontddu.[22] The tradition of using Welsh gold within the wedding rings of the Royal Family dates back to 1923.[16] Upon marriage Diana automatically acquired the title of Princess of Wales.[25]

Other church representatives present who gave prayers after the service were a former Archbishop of Canterbury, Donald Coggan, Cardinal Basil Hume, the Right Reverend Andrew Doig and the Reverend Harry Williams CR.[26][22]

Music

Three choirs, three orchestras and a fanfare ensemble played the music for the service. These were the Bach Choir, the Choir of St. Paul's Cathedral, the Choir of the Chapel Royal, the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, the Philharmonia Orchestra and the English Chamber Orchestra and a fanfare ensemble from the Royal Military School.[27] The choirs were conducted by Barry Rose, the choirmaster at St. Paul's Cathedral. The cathedral's organist, Christopher Dearnley; and its sub-organist, John Scott; played the organ. The Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, the Philharmonia Orchestra and the English Chamber Orchestra were conducted by Sir David Willcocks, who was the director of the Royal College of Music; Richard Popplewell, the organist at Chapel Royal; and Sir Colin Davis, who was the musical director of Covent Garden.[27][26] Music and songs used during the wedding included the "Prince of Denmark's March", "I Vow to Thee, My Country", "Pomp and Circumstance No.4" and the British National Anthem.[26] New Zealand soprano, Kiri Te Kanawa sang "Let The Bright Seraphim" from G. F. Handel's Samson.[16]

Clothing

Diana's wedding dress was valued at £9,000 (equivalent to £31,658 in 2016),[28] The dress was made of ivory silk taffeta, decorated with lace, hand embroidery, sequins, and 10,000 pearls. It was designed by Elizabeth and David Emanuel and had a 25-foot (7.6 m) train of ivory taffeta and antique lace.[9] The dress was designed according to Diana's wishes who wanted it to have the longest train in the royal wedding history.[9] The bride wore her Spencer family's heirloom tiara over an ivory silk tulle veil, and had her hair styled short crop down.[29] She wore a pair of low-heeled shoes "with C and D initials hand-painted on her arches".[9] For the customary bridal themes of "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue", Diana's gown had an antique lace "made with a fabric spun at a British silk farm" (the "old"), the Spencer family tiara (the "borrowed"), and a blue bow sewn into the waistband (the "blue").[30] The official parfumeur of the royal wedding was the House of Houbigant, the oldest French fragrance company. Diana was reported to have accidentally spilled perfume over a part of her dress which she later covered by hand during the ceremony.[9] The bride also had a pair of slippers made out of hand-made ivory silk with pearl and sequin embroidery.[31]

Per the Queen's orders, two similar bouquets were prepared for the bride by David Longman which contained "gardenias, stephanotis, odontolglossum orchid, lily of the valley, Earl Mountbatten roses, freesia, veronica, ivy, myrtle and trasdescantia".[32]

Charles wore his full dress naval commander uniform.[33] He also wore stars of the orders of the Garter, Thistle and Bath, the Queen's silver jubilee medal, and "the royal cipher of the Prince of Wales in gold on epaulettes on both shoulders."[16] He carried a "full dress sword tassled in gold."[16]

Attendants

The royal couple had seven bridal attendants. Eleven-year-old Lord Nicholas Windsor, son of the Duke and Duchess of Kent, and eight-year-old Edward van Cutsem, godsons of the Prince of Wales, were page boys. Diana's bridesmaids were seventeen-year-old Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones, daughter of the Earl of Snowdon and Princess Margaret;[33] thirteen-year-old India Hicks, the granddaughter of the Earl Mountbatten of Burma and daughter of David and Lady Pamela Hicks; six-year-old Catherine Cameron, daughter of Donald and Lady Cecil Cameron and granddaughter of the Marquess of Lothian; eleven year-old Sarah-Jane Gaselee, daughter of Nick Gaselee and his wife; and five-year-old Clementine Hambro, daughter of Rupert Hambro and the Hon Mrs Hambro (now Countess Peel) and granddaughter of Lord and Lady Soames and great-granddaughter of Sir Winston Churchill.[15][34] Princes Andrew and Edward were the Prince of Wales's supporters (the equivalent of "best man" for a royal wedding).[15]

Guests

All of the Queen's governors-general, as well as Europe's crowned heads, attended, with the exception of King Juan Carlos I of Spain. (The Spanish king was advised not to attend by his government because the newlyweds' honeymoon included a stopover in the disputed territory of Gibraltar).[35] Most of Europe's elected heads of state were among the guests, with the exceptions of the President of Greece, Constantine Karamanlis (who declined because Greece's exiled monarch, Constantine II, a kinsman and friend of the bridegroom, had been invited as "King of the Hellenes"), and the President of Ireland, Patrick Hillery (who was advised by Taoiseach Charles Haughey not to attend because of the dispute over the status of Northern Ireland).[fn 1] First Lady Nancy Reagan represented the United States at the wedding.[36] Among other invitees were the couple's friends and the bride invited the staff of the nursery school in which she had worked to the wedding.[16] Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe were among the entertainers who were invited to the ceremony by the Prince of Wales.[16]

Reception

The couple and 120 guests went to Buckingham Palace for a wedding breakfast following the ceremony.[7] Diana and Charles made a traditional appearance on a balcony of Buckingham Palace at 13:10 BST, and delighted the crowd when they kissed,[2][7] initiating the tradition of kissing the bride on the balcony.[36] Over the night, fireworks were displayed above Hyde Park and 100 beacons were lit up across the country to celebrate the royal wedding.[16] The couple received gifts from foreign officials including "an engraved Steuben glass bowl and a handmade porcelain centerpiece by Boehm" from the US, a set of antique Canadian furniture, handcrafted silver platters from Australia, and "a matching diamond and sapphire watch, bracelet, pendant, ring, and earrings" from the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia.[9]

The couple had 27 wedding cakes.[9] The Naval Armed Forces supplied the official wedding cake. David Avery, head baker at the Royal Naval cooking school in Chatham Kent, made the cake over 14 weeks. They made two identical cakes in case one was damaged. The Prince of Wales's coat of arms and the Spencer family's crest were used in the decoration of the five-foot-tall layered fruitcake which weighed 225 pounds.[9][37] The couple's other wedding cake was created by Belgian pastry chef S. G. Sender, who was known as the "cakemaker to the kings".[38] Another wedding cake was created by Chef Nicholas Lodge; Chef Nicholas had previously made the Queen Mother's 80th Birthday Cake and would be commissioned to create a Christening Cake for Prince Harry.[39] A slice of the couple's wedding cake was later auctioned off by Julien's Auctions in 2018 and was estimated to sell between $800–$1,200.[40]

An estimated 750 million people watched the ceremony worldwide,[2] and this figure allegedly rose to a billion when the radio audience is added in, although there are no means of verifying these figures.[7] The event was broadcast in 50 countries with near 100 television companies covering it.[16] The wedding ceremony was positively received by the public,[41] and according to The New York Times symbolised "the continuity of the monarchy" in the UK.[22] A number of ceremonies and parties were held at different places by the public to celebrate the occasion across the United Kingdom.[42][43][44] The wedding was widely broadcast on television and radio in many countries, and news channels covered the ceremony in different languages.[45] Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom John Betjeman released a poem in honour of the couple.[42]

A group of people left London and travelled to France and Ireland in protest to the wedding, while some released black balloons over London amidst the wedding procession.[22]

Honeymoon

A "just married" sign was attached to the landau by Princes Andrew and Edward.[22] The couple was driven over Westminster Bridge to catch the train from Waterloo station to Romsey in Hampshire to begin their honeymoon.[2] The couple left from Waterloo station in the British Royal Train + 975025 Caroline. They travelled to Broadlands, where Prince Charles's parents had spent their wedding night in 1947.[33] They stayed there for three days,[33] then flew to Gibraltar, where they boarded the Royal Yacht Britannia for an eleven-day cruise of the Mediterranean, visiting Tunisia, Sardinia, Greece and Egypt.[22] Then they flew to Scotland, where the rest of the royal family had gathered at Balmoral Castle, and spent time in a hunting lodge on the estate. During that time, the press was given an arranged opportunity to take pictures.[46] By the time the couple returned from their honeymoon, their wedding gifts were displayed at St James's Palace.[16]

Notes

  1. ↑ The period when the advice was given coincided with a change of government. Traditionally Irish presidents and British royalty did not meet publicly because of the Northern Ireland issue.

References

  1. 1 2 "The Royal Wedding of HRH The Prince of Wales and the Lady Diana Spencer - BBC One". BBC. 29 July 1981.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "1981: Charles and Diana marry". BBC News. 29 July 1982. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
  3. ↑ "International Special Report: Princess Diana, 1961–1997". The Washington Post. 30 January 1999. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
  4. ↑ "Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer's wedding". BBC. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  5. ↑ "Royal weekend fuels rumours". The Age. London. 17 November 1980. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  6. ↑ Dimbleby 1994, p. 279.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Princess Diana's Wedding, Jone Johnson Lewis, About.com
  8. ↑ Morton 1997, p. 118.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Miller, Julie (17 April 2018). "Inside Princess Diana's Royal Wedding Fairy Tale". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  10. ↑ "Prince Charles' engagement announcements". BBC. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  11. ↑ Alexander, Ella (28 November 2017). "6 crucial differences between Charles & Diana and Harry & Meghan's engagement interviews". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  12. ↑ Holt, Bethan (24 February 2017). "No gloves and high split skirts: How Princess Diana rewrote the rules of royal dressing". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  13. ↑ Bowles, Hamish (25 April 2011). "Photos: History of Royal Weddings". Vogue. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  14. ↑ "International Special Report: Princess Diana, 1961–1997". The Washington Post. 30 January 1999. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Apple Jr., R. W. (28 July 1981). "Charles and Lady Diana Rehearse the Wedding". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Downie Jr., Leonard (26 July 1981). "The Royal Wedding". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  17. ↑ "Increased security for Charles and Diana's wedding". BBC. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  18. ↑ Phillips, Mark (27 July 1981). "Policing the 1981 royal wedding". CBC. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  19. ↑ Lubin, Gus (28 April 2011). "The 12 Most Expensive Weddings In History". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  20. ↑ "Most expensive weddings of all time". CBS News. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  21. ↑ "Command: Regimental Sergeant Major". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Apple Jr., R. W. (29 July 1981). "Amid Splendor, Charles Weds Diana". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  23. ↑ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York City: Basic Books. p. 98. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  24. ↑ Proudfoot, Jenny (26 April 2017). "Here's the big mistake that happened on Princess Diana and Prince Charles' wedding day". Marie Claire. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  25. ↑ Mulligan, Hugh (25 August 2017). "AP Was There: Prince Charles and Princess Diana's wedding". Associated Press. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  26. 1 2 3 Royal Wedding, The Times 29 July 1981, p. 15
  27. 1 2 Rothstein, Edward (22 July 1981). "Anthem is Composed for Royal Bridal". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  28. ↑ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  29. ↑ Shunatona, Brooke (19 May 2018). "4 Ways Meghan Markle's Wedding Hair and Makeup Is Totally Different From Princess Diana and Kate's". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  30. ↑ Vargas, Chanel (7 March 2018). "Every Detail About Princess Diana's Iconic Wedding Dress". Town & Country. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  31. ↑ "Royal Wedding Dresses throughout history". The Royal Family. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  32. ↑ Proudfoot, Jenny (2 May 2018). "This is why the Queen made Princess Diana have two wedding bouquets". Marie Claire. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Downie Jr., Leonard (29 July 1981). "Britain Celebrates, Charles Takes a Bride". The Washington Post. London. p. A01. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  34. ↑ Perry, Simon (3 May 2018). "The Surprising Link Between Harry and Meghan's Royal Wedding and Charles and Diana's". People. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  35. ↑ R.W. Apple Jr. (25 July 1981). "PRINCE'S GUEST LIST EMBRACES KINGS AND CHARWOMEN". New York Times.
  36. 1 2 Moss, Hilary (29 April 2011). "A Look Back At Princess Diana & Prince Charles' Wedding". Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  37. ↑ Goldman, Leah (29 April 2011). "Flashback: Diana's Wedding Was Four Times As Expensive, And Her Train Was 17-Feet Longer". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  38. ↑ "Belgian "cakemaker to the kings" dies". Expatica. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  39. ↑ "About Nicholas Lodge". www.nicholaslodge.com.
  40. ↑ Samuelson, Kate (4 May 2018). "Endlessly Appetizing 37-Year-Old Royal Wedding Cake Up For Auction". Time. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  41. ↑ Soames, Emma (3 December 2017). "From The Archive: Remembering The Prince Of Wales And Lady Diana Spencer's Wedding". British Vogue. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  42. 1 2 Bates, Stephen (24 April 2011). "'The stuff of fairytales': royal wedding celebrations 30 years ago". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  43. ↑ "Scotland celebrates as Prince Charles marries Diana". BBC. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  44. ↑ "Wales celebrates the marriage of Charles and Diana". BBC. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  45. ↑ "Translators prepare for Prince Charles' wedding coverage". BBC. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  46. ↑ "Charles and Diana's Short Honeymoon". Los Angeles Times. 1 July 1992. Retrieved 31 July 2018.

Bibliography

  • Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
  • Morton, Andrew (1997) [1992]. Diana: Her True Story – In Her Own Words. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85080-X.
  • "Wedding of Charles and Diana". Times Online. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009.
  • The Royal Wedding Cakes, Classic Celebration Cakes
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