Weapons of the Lebanese Civil War

The Lebanese Civil War was a multi-sided military conflict that pitted a variety of local irregular militias, both Muslim and Christian, against each other between 1975 and 1990. A wide variety of weapons were used by the different armies and factions operating in the Lebanese Civil War. Combatants included:

• the leftist-Muslim militias of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) coalition (1975 – 1982);
• the rightist-Christian militias of the Lebanese Front coalition (1976 – 1980);
• the Muslim Lebanese Arab Army (LAA), dissident faction of the Lebanese Army (1976 – 1977);
• the Christian Army of Free Lebanon (AFL), dissident faction of the Lebanese Army (1976 – 1978);
• the Christian Lebanese Forces militia (LF), successor of the Lebanese Front (1977 – 1993);
• the Christian Lebanese Forces – Executive Command (LFEC) militia, dissident faction of the LF (1985 – 1991);
• the Christian Guardians of the Cedars (GoC) militia (1974 – 2000);
• the Christian Tigers Militia (a.k.a. Al-Noumour, Noumour Al-Ahrar, Noumours, NLP Tigers) militia (1968 – 1991);
• the Christian Zgharta Liberation Army (ZLA, a.k.a. Al-Marada, Marada Brigade, Mardaite Brigade) militia (1967 – 1991);
• the Shia Muslim Amal Movement militia (1975 – present);
• the Shia Muslim Hezbollah guerrilla group (1985 – present);
• the Sunni Muslim Islamic Unification Movement (IUM, a.k.a. Al-Tawheed) militia (1982 – present);
• the Sunni Muslim Independent Nasserite Movement's Al-Mourabitoun militia (1975 – 1988);
• the Sunni Muslim Popular Nasserist Organization's National Liberation Army (NLA) militia (1975 – 1991);
• the Alawite Arab Democratic Party's Arab Red Knights (ARK) militia (1981 – 1991);
• the Druze Progressive Socialist Party's People's Liberation Army (Druze PLA) militia (1975 – 1991);
• the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's Assad Battalion militia (1966 – present);
• the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) militia (1932 – present);
• the South Lebanon Army (SLA) (1978 – 2000);
• the official Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the Internal Security Forces (ISF), led by the Lebanese government;
• the mainstream Palestinian guerrilla factions of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the breakaway Rejectionist Front (present in Lebanon from 1968 to 1983);
• the Palestine Liberation Army (present in Lebanon from 1976 to 1982);
• the Syrian Army (present in Lebanon from 1976 to 2005);
• the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) (present in Lebanon from 1978 to 2000);
• in between, a plethora of irregular Lebanese armed groups that emerged from the wrecks of both the LNM and the Lebanese Front alliances, after their collapse in the early 1980s.

Weapons and equipment

The list below comprises all the weapons and equipment employed by the LNM, Lebanese Front, LAA, AFL, LF, IUM, Hezbollah, Al-Mourabitoun, NLA, Druze PLA, SLA, LAF, ISF, and lesser Lebanese groups. (note: the Syrian Army, PLO, Palestinian PLA and IDF are not included on this list)

Pistols and revolvers

Colt M1911A1 pistol

Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolver

Tokarev TT-33 pistol

CZ 75 pistol

Makarov PM/PMM pistol

• Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolver
• Smith & Wesson Model 13 revolver
• Smith & Wesson Model 14 revolver
• Smith & Wesson Model 15 revolver
• Smith & Wesson Model 17 revolver
• Smith & Wesson Model 19 revolver
• Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolver^[1]
• Mauser C96 "broomhandle" pistol
• Mauser HSc pistol
• Mauser M2 semi-automatic handgun
• Luger P08 pistol
• Walther P38 pistol
• Walther PPK pistol^[2]
• Heckler & Koch VP 70 pistol
• Heckler & Koch P7 pistol
• Heckler & Koch P9 pistol
• SIG P210 pistol
• SIG-Sauer P220 pistol
• SIG-Sauer P225 pistol
• Astra A-80 pistol
• Astra A-90 pistol
• Astra A-100 pistol
• Llama M82 pistol
• Star A, B, B Super, and P pistols
• Star 30M pistol
• Star Ultrastar pistol
• Star Firestar pistol
• Star Megastar pistol
• Taurus PT92, PT99, and PT100 pistols
• Beretta M1951 pistol
• MAB PA-15 pistol
• Colt M1911A1 Semi-Automatic Pistol
• Para-Ordnance P14-45 (Canadian-produced version of the M1911A1 pistol)
• FN Browning M1910 pistol
• FN Browning M1922 pistol
• FN Browning Hi-Power pistol^[3]
• FN Browning BDM pistol
• FN Browning BDA380 pistol
• FN Browning HP-DA/BDA9 pistol
• Tokarev TT-33 pistol
• Makarov PM/PMM pistol
• CZ 52 pistol
• CZ 75 pistol
• CZ 82/83 pistol
• CZ 85 pistol

Submachine guns

MAT-49 Submachine gun

Škorpion vz. 61 Submachine gun

Socimi Type 821 Submachine gun

• MP 40
• PPD-40
• PPSh-41
• M1A1 Thompson
• MAT-49
• Sten Mk V
• Sterling L2A3/Mark 4 submachine gun
• L34A1/Mk.5 Sterling-Patchett (sound-suppressed version of the Sterling L2A3)^[4]
• Carl Gustav m/45 (or its Egyptian-produced version, dubbed the "Port Said")
• Škorpion vz. 61
• Spectre M4
• Walther MPL
• Beretta Model 12
• Socimi Type 821 (Italian-produced submachine gun similar in design to the Israeli Uzi)
• Uzi (MP-2, Mini Uzi, and Micro Uzi variants)
• MAC-10 Machine pistol
• MAC-11 Machine pistol (sub-compact version of the MAC-10)
• Heckler & Koch MP5
• Heckler & Koch MP5K (shortened version of the MP5)

Semi-automatic rifles

M1 Garand rifle (Beretta Model 1952)

SKS semi-automatic rifle

M14 semi-automatic rifle

• MAS-49 rifle^[5]
• M1 Garand (or its Italian-produced copy, the Beretta Model 1952)^[6]
• SKS
• vz. 52 rifle
• M14 rifle^[7]
• Beretta BM 59 (Italian-produced semi-automatic rifle similar in design to the M14)

Carbines

SIG SG 543 carbine

• M2 carbine^[8]
• CAR-15 Assault carbine
• AMD-65
• FN CAL
• SIG SG 543 carbine^[9]

Assault rifles

FN FAL assault rifle

vz. 58 assault rifle

M16A1 assault rifle

AR-18 assault rifle

SIG SG 540 assault rifle

• Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle
• AK-47 assault rifle (other variants included the AKM, AK-63, AK-74, the Yugoslav Zastava M70 and Zastava M80, the Polish PMK-DGN-60, Chinese Type 56 and the Romanian AIM,^[10] Bulgarian AKK/AKKS and former East German MPi assault rifles)^[11]
• Vz. 58
• FN FAL
• ROMAT M1953 (Israeli-produced 'lightened' version of the FN FAL battle rifle)
• M16A1^[12][13][14]
• M16A2
• ArmaLite AR-18
• Norinco CQ
• CETME Model C (Spanish-produced assault rifle similar in design to the German Heckler & Koch G3)
• Heckler & Koch G3^[15][16]
• Heckler & Koch HK33
• Heckler & Koch G41
• Heckler & Koch G53
• SIG SG 540 and SIG SG 542 assault rifles^[17]

Sniper rifles

Dragunov SVD-63 sniper rifle

PSL sniper rifle

M40 sniper rifle

Remington Model 700 sniper rifle

• Lee-Enfield (fitted with sniper scopes)^[18]
• FN FAL (fitted with sniper scopes)
• M16A1 (fitted with sniper scopes; not very effective)
• FR F1
• Dragunov SVD-63^[19]
• Tabuk Sniper Rifle
• Zastava M76/M78
• M21 Sniper Weapon System
• M40 rifle
• Remington Model 700
• Savage 10FP/110FP
• PSL Sniper Rifle
• SSG 82
• Steyr SSG 69
• Enfield L42A1 (military version) and Enforcer (Police version) rifles
• Heckler & Koch PSG1
• Gepard anti-materiel rifle
• KSVK 12.7mm anti-materiel rifle
• PTRS-41 14.5mm anti-tank rifle (used for heavy sniping)

Light machine guns

Israeli Heavy Barrel MAKLEON FAL.

HK 21 light machine gun

M1918A2 BAR

• Chatellerault FM Mle 1924/29
• M1918A2 BAR
• Bren Mk. I .303 (7.7mm)
• RPK
• Zastava M77 (Yugoslav-produced version of the RPK)
• RPD^[20]
• DP-28
• Heckler & Koch HK21
• FN FAL 50-41 Heavy Barrel (HB)
• MAKLEON (Israeli-produced version of the FN FAL 50-41 HB)

General-purpose machine guns

MG 34 machine gun

M60 machine gun

• MG 34
• MG 42
• Rheinmetall MG 3
• PK/PKM
• Type 80 (Chinese-produced version of the PK/PKM)
• Zastava M84 (Yugoslav-produced version of the PK/PKM)
• VZ 59
• Type 67
• AA-52 (mainly mounted on AML armoured cars and VAB APCs)^[21]
• FN MAG^[22]
• M60^[23]

Medium and Heavy machine guns

M2HB heavy machine gun

• Besa Mark III 7.92mm (mounted on Technicals)
• Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal (mounted on armoured cars, tanks, and APCs)
• SG-43/SGM Goryunov
• Type 53/57 (Chinese variant of the SG-43 and SGM)
• DShK 12.7mm Heavy machine gun (mainly mounted on Technicals and APCs)
• Type 54 (Chinese variant of the DShK)^[24]
• Type 77 12.7mm Heavy machine gun
• NSV 12.7mm Heavy machine gun (taken off from disabled tanks and re-mounted on Technicals)
• Zastava M87 (Yugoslav variant of the NSV)
• KPV 14.5mm Heavy machine gun (mounted on Technicals)
• Browning M2HB .50 Cal (mounted on Technicals, tanks, and APCs)^[25]
• AN/M2 aircraft gun (version of the Browning M2HB mounted on Technicals and armoured cars)

Anti-tank rocket and grenade launchers

RL-83 Blindicide

M72 LAW

M203 grenade launcher

M79 grenade launcher

• M9A1 Bazooka 80mm
• 88.9mm Instalaza M65 (Spanish improved variant of the US M20 "Super Bazooka" 3.5 inch)
• LRAC Mle 50 73mm (French-produced anti-tank rocket launcher developed from the German Panzerschreck)^[29]
• RL-83 Blindicide anti-tank rocket launcher^[30]
• M72 LAW^[31]
• M80 Zolja 64mm (Yugoslav-produced anti-tank rocket launcher similar to the M72 LAW)
• RPG-2 rocket-propelled grenade launcher
• RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade launcher^[32][33][34]
• Type 69 RPG rocket-propelled grenade launcher
• M47 Dragon
• CMS B-300 83mm Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW)
• ENTAC
• MILAN (mounted on Technicals and M113 APCs)^[35][36]
• BGM-71 TOW (mounted on Technicals and M113 APCs)^[37]
• AT-3 Sagger^[38]
• M203 grenade launcher^[39][40]
• M79 grenade launcher

Recoilless rifles

B-10 82mm recoilless rifle in Batey Ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel.

B-11 107mm recoilless rifle in Batey ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel.

• M2 Carl Gustaf 84mm
• M67 90mm
• B-10 82mm (mounted on Technicals)
• B-11 107mm (mounted on Technicals)
• SPG-9 73mm (mounted on Technicals)^[41]
• Type 56 75mm (Chinese variant of the US M20 recoilless rifle)^[42]
• M40A1 106mm (mounted on Technicals, M113, AMX-VCI, and VAB APCs)^[43]
• L6 Wombat 120mm (mounted on Technicals)

Mortars

Soltam M-65 120mm heavy mortar in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

Soltam M-66 160mm heavy mortar in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

• Type E1 51mm Light mortar
• L16 81mm mortar
• Thomson-Brandt MO-60-L 60mm light mortar
• M224 60mm lightweight mortar (LWCMS)
• M2 60mm mortar
• M29 81mm mortar
• M30 4.2 inch (106.7mm) mortar^[44]
• 82-BM-41 (M-1937) 82mm mortar
• 2B14-1 Podnos 82mm mortar
• 2B11 Sani 120mm towed heavy mortar
• Hotchkiss-Brandt TDA MO-120-RT-61 120mm towed heavy mortar
• 120-PM-43 (M-1943) 120mm heavy mortar
• Soltam M-65 120mm heavy mortar (mostly mounted on M3/M9 half-tracks and modified M113 APCs)
• Soltam M-66 160mm heavy mortar (mostly mounted on M3/M9 half-tracks and Makmat mortar carriers)
• 2S4 240mm towed breech-loading heavy mortar

Rocket and missile systems

Grad-P 122mm single tube rocket launcher system in Batey Ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel.

APR-40/RO-40 128mm 6-tube multiple rocket launcher mounted on a DAC chassis in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

• Grad-P 122mm Light portable rocket system^[45]
• BM-11 122mm multiple rocket launcher
• BM-13 122mm multiple rocket launcher
• BM-21 Grad 122mm multiple rocket launcher^[46]
• APR-40/RO-40 128mm multiple rocket launcher^[47]
• BM-12 107mm multiple rocket launcher (mounted on Technicals)^[48]
• BM-14 140mm multiple rocket launcher (mounted on Technicals)^[49]
• Type 63 107mm multiple rocket launcher (Chinese version of the BM-12 mounted on Technicals)^[50]
• Type 81 140mm multiple rocket launcher (Chinese version of the BM-14 mounted on Technicals)^[51]
• FIM-43 Redeye surface-to-air missile
• SA-7 Grail surface-to-air missile^[52][53]
• Frog-7 short-range artillery rocket
• SS.11 anti-tank missile (mostly mounted on ACMAT trucks and Gazelle helicopter gunships)
• SS.12 anti-tank missile (mounted on Gazelle helicopter gunships)
• HOT anti-tank missile (mostly mounted on Gazelle helicopter gunships)
• SNEB 68mm rocket projectile

Anti-tank guns

ZiS-2 57mm anti-tank gun in Batey Ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2005.

D-44 85mm anti-tank gun in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

• ZiS-2 57mm anti-tank gun^[54]
• ZiS-3 76.2mm anti-tank gun
• D-44 85mm anti-tank gun^[55]
• D-48 85mm towed anti-tank gun
• DEFA D921/GT-2 90mm towed anti-tank gun (mounted on M3/M9 half tracks)

Anti-aircraft guns and Autocannons

AZP S-60 57mm anti-aircraft gun in Hatzerim Israel Airforce Museum, Beersheba, Israel.

• AZP S-60 57mm anti-aircraft gun^[56]
• Bofors 40mm L/60 anti-aircraft gun (mounted on cargo trucks and BTR-152 APCs)^{[57][58][59][60][61]}
• M621 20mm chain-fed cannon (installed on Gazelle helicopter gunships)
• Zastava M55 A2 20mm autocannon (mostly mounted on technicals, cargo trucks and M113 APCs)^[62]
• Hispano-Suiza HSS-661 30mm autocannon
• ZPU (ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4) 14.5mm autocannons (mostly mounted on technicals, M113 APCs and M3/M9 half tracks)
• ZU-23-2 23mm autocannon (mostly mounted on technicals, cargo trucks, M113 and BTR-152 APCs)^[63]
• TCM-20 20mm mount (mounted on M3/M9 half tracks)

Howitzers

Mle 1950 BF-50 155mm howitzer in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

M-30 122mm howitzer in Beyt ha-Totchan museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

• QF Mk III 25-Pounder field gun^[64]
• M101A1 105mm towed field howitzer^[65]
• M114A1 155mm towed field howitzer^[66]
• Mle 1950 BF-50 155mm howitzer^[67][68]
• M198 155mm howitzer
• FH-70 155mm field howitzer
• M1938 (M-30) 122mm howitzer
• 2A18 (D-30) 122mm howitzer^[69]
• M1944 (BS-3) 100mm anti-tank and field gun
• M1954 (M-46) 130mm towed field gun^[70][71]
• Type 59-1 130mm field gun (Chinese-made gun deriveted from the Soviet M-46)^[72]
• M1955 (D-20) 152mm towed gun-howitzer

Armoured vehicles

AML-90 of the Lebanese Army in Beirut, 1982.

ex-PLO built UR-416 clone in Batey Ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2005.

BTR-152 converted into an ARV by the South Lebanese Army in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.

ex-Lebanese Army AMX-VCI in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.

BTR-50PK converted into an Medevac vehicle by the South Lebanese Army in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.

ex-Lebanese Army M41A3 light tank in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.

ex-Lebanese Army AMX-13 light tank in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.

Amal fighters manning a T-55A tank provided by Syria, Beirut 1980s.

• AMX-13 light tank (75mm, 90mm, and 105mm gun versions)^[73][74]
• M41A3 Walker Bulldog light tank^[75][76][77]
• Sherman Firefly medium tank
• Sherman M-50 medium tank^{[78][79][80][81]}
• T-34/85 medium tank^[82][83]
• T-54A, T-54B and T-55A main battle tanks^[84][85]
• T-62 main battle tank
• Ti-67 (Tiran 4) main battle tank (Israeli-modified version of the T-54/55)^[86][87]
• M48A1 and M48A5 main battle tanks^[88]
• Charioteer tank destroyer^{[89][90][91][92]}
• SU-100 tank destroyer
• M42A1 Duster SPAAG^{[93][94][95][96][97]}
• ZSU-23-4M Shilka SPAAG^{[98][99][100][101][102]}
• Ferret armoured car^[103]
• Shorland Mk 1 Patrol Car
• Cadillac Gage V-100 Commando armoured car^{[104][105][106]}
• Staghound armoured car^{[107][108][109][110][111]}
• Panhard AML-90 armoured car^{[112][113][114][115]}
• Alvis Saladin armoured car^[116]
• IAI/Ramta RAM-2V Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle
• IAI/Ramta RBY-2 Scout Armoured Reconnaissance Vehicle
• Bravia V-200 Chaimite armoured car^[117]
• UR-416 armoured car^{[118][119][120]}
• BTR-152 armoured personnel carrier^{[121][122][123][124]}
• BTR-50PK amphibious armoured personnel carrier
• BTR-60PB armoured personnel carrier^[125]
• VAB armoured personnel carrier^[126][127]
• Alvis Saracen armoured personnel carrier^[128][129]
• Panhard M3 VTT armoured personnel carrier^{[130][131][132]}
• M3/M9 Zahlam half-track^[133][134]
• M59 armored personnel carrier
• M113 armored personnel carrier and M113 ACAV^{[135][136][137][138][139][140]}
• AMX-VCI armoured personnel carrier^[141]
• BMP-1 armoured personnel carrier^[142][143]
• M577 command vehicle^[144]
• M106 mortar carrier
• M125A2 mortar carrier^[145]
• Makmat mortar carrier
• Homemade armoured cars^[146][147]

See also

• Lebanese Ground Forces Equipment
• Lebanese Armed Forces Out of Service Equipment
• Lebanese Civil War
• Lebanese Air Force aircraft inventory
• Syrian intervention in Lebanon
• 1958 Lebanon crisis
• 1982 Lebanon War

Notes

References

• Alain Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens, Albin Michel, Paris 2004. ISBN 978-2226121271 (in French)
• Beate Hamizrachi, The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1984. ISBN 978-0-275-92854-4
• Bill Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1981. ISBN 978-0861011100
• Christopher F. Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide, HarperCollins Publishers, London 2002. ISBN 0-00-712759-6
• Claire Hoy and Victor Ostrovsky, By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1990. ISBN 0-9717595-0-2
• Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
• Éric Micheletti and Yves Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats, RAIDS magazine n.º41, October 1989 issue. ISSN 0769-4814 (in French)
• Éric Micheletti, Autopsie de la Guerre au Liban, RAIDS magazine n.º100, September 1994 special issue. ISSN 0769-4814 (in French)
• Ian Hogg, Jane's Guns recognition guide, HarperCollins Publishers, London 2002. ISBN 0-00-712760-X
• Jean Dunord, Liban: Les milices rendent leurs armes, RAIDS magazine n.º65, October 1991 issue. ISSN 0769-4814 (in French)
• Jean Huon, Un Siècle d'Armement Mondial: Armes à feu d'infanterie de petit calibre, tome 4, Crépin-Leblond éditions, Chaumont 1981. ASIN B009GJSUTE (in French)
• Joseph Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985), Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012. ISBN 9781291036602, 1291036601 (in French) –
• John Laffin, The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985. ISBN 0 85045 603 7
• Jim Mesko, Don Greer and Perry Manley, M41 Walker Bulldog in action – Armor Number 29, Squadron/Signal Publications, Carrolton, Texas 1991. ISBN 0-89747-262-4
• Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, Battleground Lebanon, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1990. ISBN 962-361-003-3
• Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel, and Ron Volstad, Armies in Lebanon 1982-84, Men-at-arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985. ISBN 0-85045-602-9
• Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2, Men-at-arms series 194, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1988. ISBN 0-85045-800-5
• Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. ISBN 9953-0-0705-5
• Samer Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981, Trebia Publishing, Chyah 2012. ISBN 978-9953-0-2372-4
• Samer Kassis, Les TIRAN 4 et 5, de Tsahal aux Milices Chrétiennes (1960-1990), Trucks & Tanks Magazine n.º 50, July–August 2015, pp. 54–61. ISSN 1957-4193 (in French)
• Simon Dunstam, Terry Hadler and David E. Smith, The M113 series, Vanguard series 34, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1983. ISBN 0-85045-495-6
• Steven J. Zaloga, Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78, Vanguard series 19, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1981. ISBN 0 85045 388 7
• Steven J. Zaloga, ZSU-23-4 Shilka & Soviet Air Defense Gun Vehicles, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1993. ISBN 962-361-039-4
• Steven J. Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 2003. ISBN 962-361-613-9
• Steven J. Zaloga, Jim Kinnear and Peter Sarson, T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944-94, New Vanguard series 20, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1996. ISBN 1 85532 535 7
• Steven J. Zaloga and Peter Bull, Staghound armored car 1942-62, New Vanguard series 159, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2000. ISBN 978 1 84603 392 6
• Tony Badran (Barry Rubin ed.), Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2010. ISBN 978-0-230-62306-4
• Ken Guest, Lebanon, in Flashpoint! At the Front Line of Today's Wars, Arms and Armour Press, London 1994, pp. 97–111. ISBN 1-85409-247-2
• Moustafa El-Assad, Blue Steel 2: M-3 Halftracks in South Lebanon, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2006.
• Moustafa El-Assad, Blue Steel III: M-113 Carriers in South Lebanon, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007.
• Moustafa El-Assad, Blue Steel IV: M-50 Shermans and M-50 APCs in South Lebanon, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007.
• Moustafa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. ISBN 9789953012568
• Paul Jackson, "Mirage III/5/50 Variant Briefing: Part 1: Dassault's Delta", World Air Power Journal, Volume 14, Autumn/Fall 1993, pp. 112–137, London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-874023-32-8, ISSN 0959-7050
• Paul Jackson, Modern Combat Aircraft 23: Mirage, Shepperton, UK: Ian Allen, 1985. ISBN 0-7110-1512-0
• Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.
• Philipe Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, Steelmasters Magazine, August–September 2012, pp. 8–16. ISSN 1962-4654 (in French)
• Philipe Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, Steelmasters Magazine, April–May 2013, pp. 8–15. ISSN 1962-4654 (in French)
• Richard Lathrop, John McDonald and Jim Laurier, Cadillac Cage V-100 Commando 1960-71, New Vanguard series 52, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2002. ISBN 1 84176 415 9
• Yann Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanaise, un chaos indescriptible (1975-1990), Trucks & Tanks Magazine n.º 41, January–February 2014, pp. 78–81. ISSN 1957-4193 (in French)

External links

• Histoire militaire de l'armée libanaise de 1975 à 1990 (in French)
• Al-Mourabitoun vehicles in the Lebanese civil war
• Lebanese Forces vehicles in the Lebanese civil war
• Druze PLA vehicles in the Lebanese civil war
• Lebanese Arab Army M113 APCs with ZU-23-2 and Zastava M55 autocannons
• Pre-1975 Lebanese Army vehicles