Virginia Valian

Virginia Valian is an American psycholinguist, cognitive scientist, and theorist of male-female differences in professional achievement. She is a Distinguished Professor at Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). She is a member of the doctoral faculties of Psychology, Linguistics, and Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences at the Graduate Center – CUNY. She directs the Language Acquisition Research Center (LARC) and the Gender Equity Project (GEP), both at Hunter College.[1] Valian was born in 1928 (aged 90) and married her graduate school mentor, Jerrold J. Katz, in 1978 so she could get ahead in her career.

Research

Language

Valian works on first language acquisition in two-year-olds, with a focus on children's knowledge of the basic grammatical structure of their language, which Valian claims is present at the beginning of combinatorial speech. Valian's primary emphasis is on developing empirical and logical evidence for innate grammatical knowledge.[2][3] Valian uses a variety of methods – corpus analysis, sentence imitation, pointing tasks, and priming. She has investigated young children's knowledge of abstract syntactic categories and features (such as Determiners like a and the, Adjectives, Nouns, Prepositions, and the phrases containing those categories, and Tense)[4][5][6] and young children's understanding that their language does (as in English) or does not (as in Italian and Chinese) require subjects.[7][8][9][10] She argues that apparent deficits in children's knowledge instead reflect limitations in executive function.[11] Valian also works on the relation between bilingualism and higher cognitive function (executive function), where she has proposed that any positive benefits of bilingualism compete with the benefits of other cognitively challenging activities.[12]

Gender

Valian is the author of Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women (1998, MIT Press), a book that uses concepts and data from psychology, sociology, economics, and biology to explain the disparities in the professional advancement of men and women. According to Valian, men and women alike have implicit hypotheses about gender differences – gender schemas – that create small sex differences in characteristics behaviors, perceptions, and evaluations of men and women. Those small imbalances accumulate to advantage men and disadvantage women. The most important consequence of gender schemas for professional life is that men tend to be overrated and women underrated.[13] In 2014, the Chronicle of Higher Education queried 12 scholars about what nonfiction book published in the last 30 years had most changed their minds. Valian's book was one of the 12 described.[14]

In 2018 Abigail Stewart and Valian co-authored An Inclusive Academy: Achieving Diversity and Excellence, MIT Press.[15] The book argues that diversity and excellence go hand in hand, using comprehensive data from a range of disciplines. The book provides practical advice for overcoming obstacles to inclusion, including better ways of searching for job candidates; evaluating candidates for hiring, tenure, and promotion; helping faculty succeed; and broadening rewards and recognition.

References

  1. ↑ "Virginia, Valian". Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  2. ↑ Valian, V (1990). "Null Subjects: A problem for parameter-setting models of language acquisition". Cognition. 35 (2): 105–122.
  3. ↑ Valian, V (2014). "Arguing about innateness". Journal of Child Language. 41 (S1): 78–92.
  4. ↑ Valian, V (1986). "Syntactic categories in the speech of young children". Developmental Psychology. 22 (4): 562–579.
  5. ↑ Valian, V; Solt, S; Stewart, J (2009). "Abstract categories or limited-scope formulae? The case of children's determiners". Journal of Child Language. 36 (4): 743–778.
  6. ↑ Valian, V (2006). "Young children's understanding of present and past tense". Language Learning and Development. 2: 251–276.
  7. ↑ Valian, V (1991). "Syntactic subjects in the early speech of American and Italian children". Cognition. 40 (1–2): 21–81.
  8. ↑ Valian, V; Eisenberg, Z (1996). "The development of syntactic subjects in Portuguese-speaking children". Journal of Child Language. 23 (1): 103–128.
  9. ↑ Valian, V; Hoeffner, J; Aubry, S (1996). "Young chilren's imitation of sentence subjects: Evidence of processing limitations". Developmental Psychology. 32 (1): 153.
  10. ↑ Valian, V; Aubry; S (2005). "When opportunity knocks twice: two-year-olds' repetition of sentence subjects". Journal of Child Language. 32 (3): 617–641.
  11. ↑ Valian, V (2016). "Chapter 15: When children don't day what they know: Syntax acquisition and executive function". In Barner, D; Baron, A.S. Core knowledge and conceptual change. Oxford,UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 261–276.
  12. ↑ Valian, V (2015). "Bilingualism and cognition". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 18 (1): 3–24.
  13. ↑ Valian, Virginia (1999). Why So Slow. The MIT Press.
  14. ↑ "What Book Changed Your Mind?". The Chronicle of Higher Education. November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  15. ↑ Stewart, Abigail; Valian, Virginia (2018). An Inclusive Academy. The MIT Press.
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