Vertex distance

Vertex distance is the distance between the back surface of a corrective lens, i.e. glasses (spectacles) or contact lenses, and the front of the cornea. Increasing or decreasing the vertex distance changes the optical properties of the system, by moving the focal point forward or backward, effectively changing the power of the lens relative to the eye. Since most refractions (the measurement that determines the power of a corrective lens) are performed at a vertex distance of 12-14 mm, the power of the correction may need to be modified from the initial prescription so that light reaches the patient's eye with the same effective power that it did through the phoropter or trial frame.^[1]

Vertex distance is important when converting between contact lens and glasses prescriptions and becomes significant if the glasses prescription is beyond ±4.00D. The formula for vertex correction is $F_{c}=F/(1-xF)$ , where Fc is the power corrected for vertex distance, F is the original lens power, and x is the change in vertex distance in meters.

Derivation

The vertex distance formula calculates what power lens (Fc) is needed to focus light on the same location if the lens has been moved by a distance x. To focus light to the same image location:

f_{c}=f-x

where fc is the focal length of the new lens, f is the focal length of the original lens, and x is the distance that the lens was moved. The value for x can be positive or negative depending on the sign convention. Lens power in diopters is the inverse of focal length in meters.

F=1/f

and

F_{c}=1/f_{c}

Substituting for lens power arrives at

1/F_{c}=1/F-x

After simplifying the final equation is found:

F/F_{c}=1-xF

F_{c}=F/(1-xF)

Examples

Example 1: Example Prescription Adjustment

A phoropter measurement of a patient read -8.00D sphere and -5.25D cylinder with an axis of 85 degrees for one eye (-8 -5.25x85). The phoropter measurement is made at a vertex distance of 12mm from the eye. The equivalent prescription at the patient's pupil, say for a contact lens, can be calculated as follows. This example assumes a negative cylinder sign convention.

CorrectedSphere=F_{c}=F/(1-xF)=-8/(1-(0.012)(-8))=-7.30D

This is the corrected sphere amount. To get the corrected cylinder value use the same correction formula on the steeper power of the astigmatic axis:

UncorrectedAstigmaticPower=F_{sphere}+F_{cylinder}=-8+(-5.25)=-13.25D

CorrectedAstigmaticPower=F_{c}=F/(1-xF)=-13.25/(1-(0.012)(-13.25))=-11.43D

CorrectedCylinder=F_{cylinderCorrected}-F_{sphereCorrected}=-11.43-(-7.30)=-4.13D

Axis does not change with vertex distance so the equivalent eyeglass prescription at a vertex distance of 0mm (at the eye) is -7.30 D of sphere, -4.13 D of cylinder with 85 degrees of axis (-7.30 -4.13x85 or about -7.25 -4.25x85).

Example 2: Sample Plots

Corrected and uncorrected spherical power for a vertex distance of 12mm.

Difference in spherical power at a vertex distance of 12mm versus 0mm.

The following plots show the difference in spherical power at a 0mm vertex distance (at the eye) and a 12mm vertex distance (standard eyeglasses distance). 0mm is used as the reference starting power and is one-to-one. The second plot shows the difference between the 0mm and 12mm vertex distance powers. Above around 4D of spherical power, the difference versus the corrected power becomes more than 0.25D and is clinically significant.

References

↑ Brooks, Clifford. Understanding Lens Surfacing. pp. 241–245. ISBN 0-7506-9177-8.

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[1] Brooks, Clifford. Understanding Lens Surfacing. pp. 241–245. ISBN 0-7506-9177-8.