Velupillai Prabhakaran

Velupillai Prabhakaran
Prabhakaran in November 2006
Native name வேலுப்பிள்ளை பிரபாகரன்
Born (1954-11-26)26 November 1954
Valvettithurai, Dominion of Ceylon[1][1][2][3]
Died 19 May 2009(2009-05-19) (aged 54)
Nanthikadal Lagoon, Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka 9°18′40.46″N 80°46′19.48″E / 9.3112389°N 80.7720778°E / 9.3112389; 80.7720778
Cause of death Killed in a decisive operation by SASF on 18 May 2009 [4]
Nationality Sri Lankan
Other names Karikalan
Occupation Founder & Leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) movement in Sri Lanka.
Known for Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
Criminal charge Planning assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991[5][6]
Colombo Central Bank bombing of 1996[6]
Criminal penalty Arrest warrant issued by Colombo High Court[7]
Death warrant issued by Madras High Court, India.[8]
Sentenced to 200 years in prison by Colombo High Court.[6][9]
Spouse(s) Mathivathani Erambu (1984–2009) †
Children Charles Anthony (1989–2009) †[10]
Duvaraga (1986–2009) †[11]
Balachandran (1997–2009) †[12]

Thiruvenkadam Velupillai Prabhakaran ( listen (US English); Tamil: வேலுப்பிள்ளை பிரபாகரன்; Tamil pronunciation: [ˈʋeːlɯpːɨɭːɛi̯ prəˈbɑːɦərən], 26 November 1954 – 19 May 2009) was the founder and leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (the LTTE or the Tamil Tigers), a militant organization that sought to create an independent Tamil state in the north and east of Sri Lanka.

For over 25 years, the LTTE waged war in Sri Lanka to create an independent state for the Sri Lankan Tamil people. Founded in 1976, the LTTE rocketed to prominence in 1983 after they ambushed a patrol of the Sri Lanka Army outside Jaffna, resulting in the deaths of 13 soldiers. This ambush, along with the subsequent rioting which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Tamil civilians, is generally considered the start of the Sri Lankan Civil War. After years of fighting, including the intervention of the Indian Army (IPKF), the conflict was halted after international mediation in 2001. By then, the LTTE also known as the Tamil Tigers controlled large swathes of land in the north and east of the country, running a de facto state with Prabhakaran serving as its leader.[13] Peace talks eventually broke down, and the Sri Lanka Army launched a military campaign to defeat the Tamil Tigers in 2006.

Prabhakaran was reportedly killed in the fighting with the Sri Lankan Army on 18 May 2009.[14] The troops also claimed to have found the body of Charles Anthony, 24, Prabhakaran's son.[15] His wife's and daughter's bodies were reportedly found by the Sri Lankan army but the report was later denied by the Sri Lankan government.[16] It was alleged that his 12-year-old second son was executed a short time later.[17] Prabhakaran's reported death and the announcement "We have decided to silence our guns. Our only regrets are for the lives lost and that we could not hold out for longer," by Selvarasa Pathmanathan, the Tigers' chief of international relations brought an end to the armed conflict.[15]

Early life

Velupillai Prabhakaran was born in the northern coastal town of Valvettithurai on 26 November 1954, as the youngest of four children [18][19] to Thiruvenkadam Velupillai and his wife Vallipuram Parvathy.[20][21] Thiruvenkadam Velupillai was the District land Officer in the Ceylon Government[19][22] His family was an influential and wealthy family who owned and managed the major Hindu temples in Valvettithurai.[23][24]

Angered by what he saw as discrimination against Tamil people by successive Sri Lankan governments, he joined the student group Tamil Youth Front (TYF) during the standardisation debates.[25] In 1972 Prabhakaran founded the Tamil New Tigers (TNT)[19][26] which was a successor to many earlier organizations that protested against the post-colonial political direction of the country, in which the minority Sri Lankan Tamils were pitted against the majority Sinhalese people.[27][28]

In 1975, after becoming heavily involved in the Tamil movement, he carried out the first major political assassination by a Tamil group, killing the mayor of Jaffna, Alfred Duraiappah, by shooting him at point-blank range when he was about to enter the Hindu temple at Ponnaalai. The assassination was in response to the 1974 Tamil conference incident, for which the Tamil radicals had blamed Duraiappah,[29] because he backed the then ruling Sri Lanka Freedom Party.[30]

Tamil Tigers

Founding of the LTTE

In the early 1970s, United Front government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike introduced the Policy of standardisation which made the criteria for university admission lower for the Sinhalese than for the Tamils.[31] Several organizations to counter this act was formed by Tamil students. Prabhakaran aged 15, dropped out of school and got associated with the Kuttimani-Thangathurai group (which evolved later into TELO) formed by Selvarajah Yogachandran (known as Kuttimani) and Nadarajah Thangathurai who both also hailed from Valvettithurai.[32]

Prabhakaran along with Kuttimani, Ponnuthurai Sivakumaran and other prominent rebels joined the Tamil Manavar Peravai formed by a student named Satiyaseelan in 1970. This group comprised Tamil youth who advocated the rights of students to have fair enrollment.[33][note 1]

In 1973, Prabhakaran teamed up with Chetti Thanabalasingam and with a fraction of the Tamil Manavar Peravai to form the Tamil New Tigers (TNT).[35][36] Their first notable attack was held at the Duraiappa stadium in Jaffna placing a bomb in an attempt to murder the Jaffna Mayor Alfred Duraiappah.[37] A member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party who was loyal to Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Duraiappah was seen as a traitor by the Tamil masses.[38] Failing the attempt, Prabhakaran managed to shoot and kill Duraiappah who was on a visit at a Hindu temple at Ponnalai on the 27th July 1975.[39]

On 5 May 1976, the TNT was renamed the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers.[40] The LTTE by the 1980s operated in more attacks against police and military forces. On the 23rd July 1983, the LTTE ambushed an army patrol and killed 13 Sri Lankan soldiers in Thirunelveli, Sri Lanka.[38] As a response to this were one of the worst government sponsored anti-Tamil riots held (the event known as Black July) resulting in the destruction of Tamil houses and shops and death of hundreds of Tamils and making over 150 000 Tamils homeless.[41][42]

Prabhakaran and other LTTE leaders at Sirumalai camp, India in 1984 while they are being trained by RAW[43]

As a result of the riots were several Tamils joining the LTTE and the LTTE marked the beginning of the Eelam War I.[44] Prabhakaran held his first speech on the 4th August 1987 at the Suthumalai Amman temple in front of over 100 000 people explaining the position of the LTTE.[45] This speech is seen as a historic turning point in the Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism.[46]

The LTTE were allegedly involved in the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, the ex-prime minister of India in 1991, which they denied involvement and alleged the event as an international conspiracy against them[47][48] The Madras High Court in India issued an arrest warrant for plotting of the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and Prabhakaran was made wanted by Interpol for terrorism, murder, organized crime and terrorism conspiracy.[49] Prabhakaran's first and only major press conference was held in Killinochchi on 10 April 2002.[50] It was reported that more than 200 journalists from the local and foreign media attended this event and they had to go through a 10-hour security screening before the event in which Anton Balasingham introduced the LTTE leader as the "President and Prime minister of Tamil Eelam."

A number of questions were asked about LTTE's commitment towards the erstwhile peace process and Prabhakaran and Dr. Anton Balasingham jointly answered the questions.

Repeated questions of his involvement in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination were only answered in a sober note by both Balasingham and Prabhakaran. They called it a "tragic incident" ("Thunbiyal Chambavam", as quoted in Tamil) they requested the press "not to dig into an incident that happened 10 years ago."

During the interview he stated that the right condition has not risen to give up the demand of Tamil Eelam. He further mentioned that "There are three fundamentals. That is Tamil homeland, Tamil nationality and Tamil right to self-determination. These are the fundamental demands of the Tamil people. Once these demands are accepted or a political solution is put forward by recognising these three fundamentals and our people are satisfied with the solutions we will consider giving up the demand for Eelam." He further added that Tamil Eelam was not only the demand of the LTTE but also the demand of the Tamil people.[50]

Prabhakaran also answered a number of questions in which he reaffirmed their commitment towards peace process, quoted "We are sincerely committed to the peace process. It is because we are sincerely committed to peace that we continued a four month cessation of hostilities" was also firm in de-proscription of the LTTE by Sri Lanka and India, "We want the government of India to lift the ban on the LTTE. We will raise the issue at the appropriate time."

Prabhakaran also insisted firmly that only de-proscription would bring forth an amenable solution to the ongoing peace process mediated by Norway: "We have informed the government, we have told the Norwegians that de-proscription is a necessary condition for the commencements of talks."[51][52]

Philosophy and ideology

Prabhakaran was fascinated by Napoleon and Alexander the Great. He was also highly influenced by prominent Indian nationalists Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh who fought the British Empire.[53] Prabhakaran never developed a systematic philosophy, but did declare that his goal was 'Revolutionary socialism and the creation of an egalitarian society'. His rare interviews, his annual Tamil Eelam Heroes Day speeches and the policies and actions of the LTTE can be taken as indicators of Prabhakaran's philosophy and ideology. Religion was not a major factor in his philosophy or ideology, the ideology of the Tamil Tigers emerged from Marxist-Leninist thought, and was explicitly secular. Its leadership professed opposition to religion.[54][55][56] Their focus was on a single-minded approach toward the attainment of an independent Tamil Eelam. The following are important areas when considering the philosophy and ideology of Prabhakaran.

Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism

Prabhakaran's source of inspiration and direction was Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism. His stated and ultimate ideal was to get Tamil Eelam recognised as a nation as per the U.N. Charter that guarantees the right of a people to political independence.[57] The LTTE also proposed the formation of an Interim Self Governing Authority during Peace Negotiations in 2003. Former Tamil guerrilla and politician Dharmalingam Sithadthan has remarked that Prabhakaran's "dedication to the cause of the Tamil Eelam was unquestionable, he was the only man in Sri Lanka who could decide if there should be war or peace."[58] Prabhakaran was also called "Karikalan" for his bravery and his administration (in reference to Karikala Chola, a famous Chola king who ruled in Sangam Age.)

The LTTEs Sea Tigers wing

Militarism of the LTTE

Prabhakaran explicitly stated that an armed struggle is the only way to resist asymmetric warfare, in which one side, that of the Sri Lankan government, is armed and the other comparatively unarmed. He argued that he chose military means only after observing that non–violent means have been ineffectual and obsolete, especially after the Thileepan incident. Thileepan, a colonel rank officer adopted Gandhian means to protest against the IPKF killings by staging a fast unto death from 15 September 1987, and by abstaining from food or water until 26 September, when he died in front of thousands of Tamils who had come there to fast along with him.[59]

Tactically, Prabhakaran perfected the recruitment and use of suicide bomber units. His fighters usually took no prisoners and were notorious for assaults that often left every single enemy soldier dead.[58] Interpol described him as someone who was "very alert, known to use disguise and capable of handling sophisticated weaponry and explosives."[58]

Death

When the Sri Lankan military rapidly advanced into the last LTTE held territory in the final days of 2008–2009 SLA Northern offensive, Prabhakaran and his top leadership retreated into Vellamullivaikkal, Mullaitivu. Fierce fighting occurred between LTTE and the Sri Lanka Army during these last few days. At around 3:00 a.m. on 18 May 2009, Prabhakaran's son Charles Anthony tried to break the defenses of the Army, but was unsuccessful. He died along with around 100 other LTTE fighters. Troops found 12 million rupees in his possession.[60] By the noon of that day, reports emerged that Prabhakaran was killed by a rocket attack while trying to flee the conflict zone in a captured ambulance and his body was badly burned.[61] But this rumor was proven false in a short while. Skirmishes occurred also in the evening of 18 May around eastern bank of Nandikadal lagoon. A team of LTTE cadres consisting of 30 most loyal bodyguards of Prabhakaran and Prabhakaran himself tried to sneak through the mangrove islands of Nandikadal to its west bank. It has been alleged that one bodyguard had a can of gasoline with him to burn the Tiger leader's body if he is killed or committed suicide. This was to prevent the enemy seizing his body.[62] Clearing and mopping-up operations were carried out by troops under Colonel G. V. Ravipriya from 3:30 pm to 6:30 pm that evening. But they did not encounter this last group of LTTE fighters that day. At 7:30 am next morning, mopping-up operations started again. This time, they were confronted by the fighters, led by Prabhakaran himself. Fighting went on until 9.30 am 19 May 2009. The firing stopped as all LTTE fighters died in the battle. Troops started collecting bodies again. This time, Sergeant Muthu Banda, attached to Sri Lanka Army Task Force VIII, reported to its commander, Colonel G. V. Ravipriya, that a body similar to Velupillai Prabhakaran had been found. After the body, which was floating among the mangroves, was brought ashore, Colonel Ravipriya positively identified it as that of the leader of the LTTE.[60] A dog tag marked 001, two pistols, a T56 rifle with telescopic sight, a satellite phone, and a canister filled with diabetic medicine were found along with the body.

At 12:15 pm army commander Sarath Fonseka officially announced Prabhakaran's death on TV. At around 1:00 pm his body was shown in Swarnavahini for the first time.[63] Prabakaran's identity was confirmed by Karuna Amman, his former confidant, and through DNA testing against genetic material from his son, who had been killed earlier by the Sri Lankan military.[64] Circumstantial evidence suggested that his death was caused by massive head trauma, several claims on his death have been made and its alleged that his death is due to a shot at close range. There are also allegations that he was executed, a claim vehemently denied by Sri Lankan authorities. Karuna Amman claimed Prabhakaran shot himself but it was denied by Fonseka who claimed the injury was from shrapnel citing the lack of an exit wound.[65] A week later, the new Tamil Tiger leader, Selvarasa Pathmanathan, admitted that Prabhakaran was dead.[66][67]

Personal life

Prabhakaran was married to Mathivathani Erambu on 1 October 1984.[68][69] The military spokesman Udaya Nanayakkara stated in May 2009, that there was no information about the whereabouts of the remaining members of the Prabhakaran's family. “We have not found their bodies and have no information about them,” he said.[70] However, it is thought that the entire Prabhakaran family has been wiped out; the bodies of Madhivadhany, Duvaraga and Balachandran reportedly were found in a bushy patch about 600 meters away from where Prabhakaran's body was found.[71] It is now believed that his 12-year-old son was executed.[72]

Velupillai Prabhakaran's parents, Thiruvenkadam Velupillai and Parvathi, both in their 70s, were found in the Menik Farm camp for displaced people near the town of Vavuniya. The Sri Lankan military and the government gave public assurances that they would not be interrogated, harmed or ill-treated.[73] Prabhakaran's parents were then taken into Sri Lankan military custody until the death of Mr Vellupillai in January 2010.[74] Prabhakaran has a sister named Vinodini Rajendaran.[75][76]

See also

Notes

    1. ↑ The name is variously translated as Tamil Students League or Tamil Students Federation, later also known as Tamil Ilaynar Peravai (TIP) translated as Tamil Youth Front (TYF)[34]

    References

    1. 1 2 "Lanka army sources". Times of India. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
    2. ↑ Bosleigh, Robert (2009-05-18). "Tamil Tigers supreme commander Prabhakaran 'shot dead'". London: Times Online. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
    3. ↑ Nelson, Dean (2009-05-18). "Tamil Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran 'shot dead'". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
    4. ↑ "Tiger leader Prabhakaran killed: Sources-News-Videos-The Times of India". The Times of India. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
    5. ↑ "Rajiv Gandhi assassination: Agency probing killing conspiracy plods on". Times of India. 20 May 2011.
    6. 1 2 3 "Rebel leader sentenced to 200 years' jail as talks start". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2002-11-02. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
    7. ↑ "Colombo High Court Issue arrest warrant for Prabhakaran and Pottu Amman". Asian Tribune. 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
    8. ↑ "Obituary: Velupillai Prabhakaran". BBC. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
    9. ↑ Mydans, Seth (2 November 2002). "Rebels Protest Leader's Sentence". New York Times. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
    10. ↑ "Prabhakaran's son dead". Mid-day.com. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
    11. ↑ "National Leader Prabakaran's Daughter Dwaraka's photos released – Most Shocking". LankasriNews.com. 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
    12. ↑ "BBC News - Balachandran Prabhakaran: Sri Lanka army accused over death". BBC. 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
    13. ↑ Lahiri, Simanti (2014-04-03). Suicide Protest in South Asia: Consumed by Commitment. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 9781317803133.
    14. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7885473.stm
    15. 1 2 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/5342331/Tamil-Tiger-leader-Velupillai-Prabhakaran-shot-dead.html
    16. ↑ http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/01/17/death-of-the-tiger
    17. ↑ Mcrae, Callum (2013-02-19). "The Killing of a Young Boy". The Hindu. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
    18. ↑ "Obituary: Velupillai Prabhakaran". BBC News. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
    19. 1 2 3 Prabhakaran, Veluppillai and the father-son relationship - DBS Jeyara Accessed 25 November 2016
    20. ↑ "First Political Assassination Of Prabhakaran". Lankapuwath. 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
    21. ↑ "Profile of Velupillai Prabhakaran". Lankapuwath. 2009-04-22. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
    22. ↑ Chellamuthu Kuppusamy. பிரபாகரன்: ஒரு வாழ்க்கை / Prabhakaran: Oru Vaazhkai [Prabhakaran: A Life]. New Horizon Media. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-8493-039-9.
    23. ↑ Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (2000). Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774807593.
    24. ↑ Wadley, Susan S. (2014-12-18). South Asia in the World: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 206. ISBN 9781317459590.
    25. ↑ Tawil, Sobhi; Harley, Alexandra (2004-01-01). Education, Conflict and Social Cohesion. Unesco, International Bureau of Education. p. 388. ISBN 9789231039621.
    26. ↑ Heilmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (1994). The Tamil Tigers: Armed Struggle for Identity. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 37–38.
    27. ↑ Sunil Bastian (September 1999) The Failure of State Formation, Identity Conflict and Civil Society Responses – The Case of Sri Lanka. Working Paper 2, Centre for Conflict Resolution, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford
    28. ↑ How it Came to This – Learning from Sri Lanka’s Civil Wars. paradisepoisoned.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-22.
    29. ↑ "Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka". Uthr.org. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
    30. ↑ "Asia Times: Sri Lanka: The Untold Story". Atimes.com. 2002-01-26. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
    31. ↑ Dharmawardhane, Iromi (2014). Sri Lanka's Post-conflict Strategy: Restorative Justice for Rebels and Rebuilding of Conflict-affected Communities. Research & Monitoring Division, Department of Government Information, Sri Lanka. p. 16. ISBN 9789559073284.
    32. ↑ Amarasingam, Amarnath (2015-09-15). Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada. University of Georgia Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780820348148.
    33. ↑ Gunaratna, Rohan (1993). Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: the role of India's intelligence agencies. South Asian Network on Conflict Research. p. 66. ISBN 9789559519904.
    34. ↑ Richardson, John Martin (2005). Paradise Poisoned: Learning about Conflict, Terrorism, and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars. International Center for Ethnic Studies. p. 350. ISBN 9789555800945.
    35. ↑ Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Published under the auspices of the Pakistan American Foundation. 2007. p. 81.
    36. ↑ Rinehart, Christine Sixta (2013). Volatile Social Movements and the Origins of Terrorism: The Radicalization of Change. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 126. ISBN 9780739177709.
    37. ↑ Talpahewa, Dr Chanaka (2015-05-28). Peaceful Intervention in Intra-State Conflicts: Norwegian Involvement in the Sri Lankan Peace Process. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 34. ISBN 9781472445353.
    38. 1 2 DeVotta, Neil (2004). Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka. Stanford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780804749244.
    39. ↑ Amarasingam, Amarnath (2015-09-15). Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada. University of Georgia Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780820348148.
    40. ↑ Rinehart, Christine Sixta (2013). Volatile Social Movements and the Origins of Terrorism: The Radicalization of Change. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 118. ISBN 9780739177709.
    41. ↑ Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. Published under the auspices of the Pakistan American Foundation. 2007. p. 83.
    42. ↑ Aspinall, Edward; Jeffrey, Robin; Regan, Anthony (2012-10-02). Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don’t. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 9781136251139.
    43. ↑ Fouskas, Vassilis K. (2010-10-18). Politics of Conflict: A Survey. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 9781136833571.
    44. ↑ Hashim, Ahmed (2013). When Counterinsurgency Wins: Sri Lanka's Defeat of the Tamil Tigers. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 0812244524.
    45. ↑ Gunaratna, Rohan (1993-01-01). Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: the role of India's intelligence agencies. South Asian Network on Conflict Research. pp. 212–213. ISBN 9789559519904.
    46. ↑ Seevaratnam, N.; Tamils, World Federation of (1989-01-01). The Tamil national question and the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord. Konark Publishers. p. 69.
    47. ↑ Aggarwala, Adish C. (1993). Rajiv Gandhi: An Assessment. Amish Publications. p. 5. ISBN 9788190028905.
    48. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1999. p. 6.
    49. ↑ "Wanted: VELUPILLAI, Prabakaran". Interpol. 2006-10-04. Archived from the original on 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
    50. 1 2 "The Hindu: Time not ripe to give up Eelam goal: Prabakaran". The Hindu. 2002-04-11. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
    51. ↑ Assignment Colombo at page xv(15), ISBN 81-220-0499-7, published by Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd, delhi
    52. ↑ S. L. Gunasekara (2002). The wages of sin. Sinhala Jathika Sangamaya. ISBN 978-955-8552-01-8.
    53. ↑ Lawson, Alastair (2009-05-18). "The enigma of Prabhakaran". news.bbc.co.uk.
    54. ↑ Bermana, Eli; David D. Laitin (2008). "Religion, terrorism and public goods: Testing the club model". Journal of Public Economics. 92 (10–11): 1942–1967. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.03.007.
    55. ↑ Pape, Robert (2006). Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-7338-9.
    56. ↑ Laqueur, Walter (2004). No end to war: terrorism in the twenty-first century. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1656-X.
    57. ↑ "UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Hrweb.org. 1994-07-07. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
    58. 1 2 3 "'Sun God's' Life of War". Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2009-05-20. . Straits Times, 18 May 2009
    59. ↑ Hoole, Rajan; Thiranagama, Rajani; (Jaffna), University Teachers for Human Rights; Lanka), University of Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna, Sri (2001). Sri Lanka: the arrogance of power : myths, decadence & murder. University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna). p. 227. ISBN 9789559447047.
    60. 1 2 "No peace offer from Prabhakaran – only war". Lanka Web. 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
    61. ↑ "Prabhakaran is dead". The Hindustan Times. 2009-05-18. Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
    62. ↑ "The last days of Thiruvenkadam Veluppillai Prabhakaran". Lanka Web. 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
    63. ↑ "Sri Lanka Army – Defenders of the Nation". Army.lk. Archived from the original on 2009-05-23. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
    64. ↑ Bosleigh, Robert (2008-05-09). "DNA tests on body of Prabhakaran, Sri Lankan rebel leader". The Times. London. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
    65. ↑ "Fonseka Refutes Karuna's Contention That Prabhakaran Shot Himself". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
    66. ↑ "Tamil Tigers confirm leader's death". Al Jazeera English. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
    67. ↑ "Tamil Tigers admit leader is dead". BBC News. 2009-05-24. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
    68. ↑ "Health card of Prabakaran is not so rosy as it ought to be".
    69. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
    70. ↑ Dianne Silva (22 May 2009). "Prabhakaran's body cremated". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18.
    71. ↑ "Last days of Thiruvenkadam Veluppillai Prabhakaran". Daily Mirror. 23 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21.
    72. ↑ The Independent, 26 February 2013
    73. ↑ Lawson, Alastair (2009-05-28). "Tamil Tiger chief's parents found (BBC News)". Retrieved 2010-01-06.
    74. ↑ Sri Lanka Tiger leader Prabhakaran's mother dies
    75. ↑ Cousin wants Prabhakaran mother sent to Tamil Nadu
    76. ↑ Prabhakaran, Veluppillai and the father-son relationship

    Further reading

    • Rajan Hoole. (2001) The Arrogance of power, UTHR (J), Colombo.
    • Pratap, Anita. Island of Blood: Frontline Reports From Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Other South Asian Flashpoints (2001).
    • Chellamuthu Kuppusamy (2009). Prabhakaran - The Story of his struggle for Eelam. New Horizon Media Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-8493-168-6. Archived from the original on 2012-11-17.
    • Chellamuthu Kuppusamy (2008). பிரபாகரன்: ஒரு வாழ்க்கை. New Horizon Media Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-8493-039-9.

    Interviews and speeches

    • "Veluppillai Prabhakaran's interviews". Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2005-12-31.
    • "A short assorted list of his interviews". Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
    • Prabakaran in First Person – T.S. Subramanian – April 2002 – Press Meet


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