Vedda

Vedda
Vedda man and child, Sri Lanka.
Total population
Between 2,500 - 6,600[1][2]
(less than 0.20% of the population) (2001)[3]
Regions with significant populations
Sri Lanka        2,500 (2002)
Languages
Vedda, Sinhala
Religion
Buddhism, Hinduism[4]
Related ethnic groups
Sinhalese

The Vedda (Sinhalese: වැද්දා [ˈvædːaː], Tamil: வேடர் Vēdar) are a minority indigenous group of people in Sri Lanka who, among other self-identified native communities such as Coast Veddas, Anuradhapura Veddas and Bintenne Veddas,[5] are accorded indigenous status. The Veddha minority in Sri Lanka is in threat of becoming extinct.[6] Most speak Sinhala instead due to the near-extinction of their indigenous languages.

It has been hypothesized that the Vedda were probably the earliest inhabitants of Sri Lanka and have lived in the island before the arrival of Sinhalese from India.[7][8] According to the 5th-century genesis chronicle of the Sinhala people, the Mahavamsa ("Great Chronicle"), the Vedda are descended from Prince Vijaya (6th–5th century BCE), the founding father of the nation, who originated from Eastern India, through Kuveni, a woman of the indigenous Yakkha (Odia/Pali for yaksha) whom he married. The Mahavansa relates that following the repudiation of Kuveni by Vijaya, in favour of a Kshatriya-caste princess from Pandya, their two children, a boy and a girl, departed to the region of Sumanakuta (Sri Pada or Adam's Peak in the Ratnapura District), where they multiplied, giving rise to the Veddas. Anthropologists such as Charles Gabriel Seligman believed the Veddas to be identical to the Yakkha.[9]

Veddas are also mentioned in Robert Knox's history of his captivity by the King of Kandy in the 17th century. Knox described them as "wild men", but also said there was a "tamer sort", and that the latter sometimes served in the king's army.[10]

The Ratnapura District, which is part of the Sabaragamuwa Province, is known to have been inhabited by the Veddas in the distant past. This has been shown by scholars like Nandadeva Wijesekera. The very name Sabaragamuwa is believed to have meant the village of the Sabaras or "forest barbarians". Place-names such as Vedda-gala (Vedda Rock), Vedda-ela (Vedda Canal) and Vedi-Kanda (Vedda Mountain) in the Ratnapura District also bear testimony to this. As Wijesekera observes, a strong Vedda element is discernible in the population of Vedda-gala and its environs.

Etymology

Ethonyms of Vedda include Vadda, Veddah, Veddha and Vaddo.[11] "Vedda" is a Dravidian word and stems from Tamil word Vēdu meaning hunting.[11][12][13]

Language

Most prominent Vedda chief late Tisahamy Aththo.
Tisahamy Aththo with Some Vedda Women.
Malaya Rata was the historical center of the Vedda language, a Sinhala-based creole.

The original language of the Veddas is the Vedda language, which today is used primarily by the interior Veddas of Dambana. Communities such as Coast Veddas and Anuradhapura Veddas, who do not identify themselves strictly as Veddas, also use Vedda language for communication during hunting and or for religious chants. When a systematic field study was conducted in 1959 it was determined that the language was confined to the older generation of Veddas from Dambana. In the 1990s, self-identifying Veddas knew few words and phrases in the Vedda language, but there were individuals who knew the language comprehensively. Initially, there was considerable debate among linguists as to whether Vedda is a dialect of Sinhalese or an independent language. Later studies indicate that it diverged from its parent stock in the 10th century and became a Creole and a stable independent language by the 13th century, under the influence of Sinhalese.

The parent Vedda language(s) is of unknown genetic origins, while Sinhalese is of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European languages. Phonologically it is distinguished from Sinhalese by the higher frequency of palatal sounds C and J. The effect is also heightened by the addition of inanimate suffixes. Vedda language word class is morphologically divided into nouns, verbs and variables with unique gender distinctions inanimate nouns. Per its Creole tradition, it has reduced and simplified many forms of Sinhalese such as second person pronouns and denotations of negative meanings. Instead of borrowing new words from Sinhalese Vedda created combinations of words from a limited lexical stock. Vedda also maintains many archaic Sinhalese terms prior to the 10th to 12th centuries, as a relict of its close contact with Sinhalese. Vedda also retains a number of unique words that cannot be derived from Sinhalese. Conversely, Sinhalese has also borrowed from the original Vedda language, words, and grammatical structures, differentiating it from its related Indo-Aryan languages. Vedda has exerted a substratum influence in the formation of Sinhalese.

Veddas that have adopted Sinhala are found primarily in the southeastern part of the country, especially in the vicinity of Bintenne in Uva Province. There are also Veddas that have adopted Sinhala who lives in Anuradhapura District in the North Central Province.[14][15]

Another group, often termed East Coast Veddas, is found in coastal areas of the Eastern Province, between Batticaloa and Trincomalee. These Veddas have adopted Tamil as their mother tongue.[16][17]

Cultural aspects

Language

The parent of Vedda language is of unknown linguistic origin, is considered a linguistic isolate. Early linguists and observers of the language considered it to be either a separate language or a dialect of Sinhalese. The chief proponent of the dialect theory was Wilhelm Geiger, but he also contradicted himself by claiming that Vedda was a relexified aboriginal language.[18]

Veddas consider the Vedda language to be distinct from Sinhalese and use it as an ethnic marker to differentiate them from Sinhalese people.[19]

Religion

The original religion of Veddas is animism. The Sinhalized interior Veddahs follow a mix of animism and nominal Buddhism; whereas the Tamilized east coast Veddahs follow a mix of animism and nominal Hinduism due to Brahminical sanskritsation, which is known as folk Hinduism among anthropologists.

One of the most distinctive features of Vedda religion is the worship of dead ancestors, who are called "nae yaku" among the Sinhala-speaking Veddas and are invoked for the game and yams.[20] There are also peculiar deities unique to Veddas, such as "Kande Yakka".[21]

Veddas, along with the Island's Buddhist, Hindu and Muslim communities, venerate the temple complex situated at Kataragama, showing the syncretism that has evolved over 2,000 years of coexistence and assimilation. Kataragama is supposed to be the site where the Hindu god Skanda or Murugan in Tamil met and married a local tribal girl, Valli, who in Sri Lanka is believed to have been a Vedda.[22]

There are a number of less famous shrines across the island which are sacred to the Veddas as well as to other communities.[22]

Rituals

A traditional Vedda settlement on the coast.

Vedda marriage is a simple ceremony. It consists of the bride tying a bark rope (Diya lanuva) that she has twisted, around the waist of the groom. This symbolizes the bride's acceptance of the man as her mate and life partner. Although endogamous marriage between cross-cousins was the norm until recently, this has changed significantly, with Vedda women even contracting marriages with their Sinhalese and Moor neighbors.

A Veddah ritual about to be performed

In Vedda society, women are in many respects men's equals. They are entitled to similar inheritance. Monogamy is the general rule, though a widow would frequently marry her husband's brother as a means of support and consolation (levirate marriage). They also do not practice a caste system.[23]

Death, too, is a simple affair without ostentatious funeral ceremonies where the corpse of the deceased is promptly buried.

Burial

Main entrance of the inner complex of Kataragama temple, Sri Lanka.

Since the opening of colonization schemes, Vedda burials changed when they dug graves of 4–5 feet deep and wrapped the body wrapped cloth and covered it with leaves and earth. The Veddas also laid the body between the scooped out trunks of the gadumba tree before they buried it. At the head of the grave were kept three open coconuts and a small bundle of wood, while at its foot were kept an opened coconut and an untouched coconut. Certain cactus species (pathok) were planted at the head, the middle and the foot. Personal possessions like the bow and arrow, betel pouch, were also buried. This practice varied by community. The contents of the betel pouch of the deceased were eaten after his death.

The dead body was scented or smeared with juice from the leaves of jungle trees or lime trees. The foot or the head of the grave was never lit either with fire or wax, and water was not kept in a vessel by the graveside.[?]

Cult of the Dead

The Veddas practice a cult of the dead. They worshipped and made incantations to their Nae Yakka (Relative Spirit) followed by another customary ritual (called the Kiri Koraha) which is still in vogue among the surviving Gam Veddas of Rathugala, Pollebedda Dambana and the Henanigala Vedda re-settlement (in Mahaweli systems off Mahiyangane).

They believed that the spirit of their dead would haunt them bringing forth diseases and calamity. To appease the dead spirit they invoke the blessings of the Nae Yakka and other spirits, like Bilinda Yakka, Kande Yakka followed by the dance ritual of the Kiri Koraha.[24]

According to Sarasin Cousins (in 1886) and Seligmann's book - 'The Veddas' (1910).

"When man or woman dies from sickness, the body is left in the cave or rock shelter where the death took place, the body is not washed or dressed or ornamented in any way, but is generally allowed to be in the natural supine position and is covered with leaves and branches. This was formerly the universal custom and still persists among the less sophisticated Veddas who sometimes in addition place a large stone upon the chest for which no reason could be given, this is observed at Sitala Wanniya (off Polle-bedda close to Maha Oya), where the body is still covered with branches and left where the death occurred."

Clothing

Vedda villagers from Mankery in Batticaloa district wearing sarongs and other traditional attire.

Until fairly recent times, the raiment of the Veddas was remarkably scanty. In the case of men, it consisted only of a loincloth suspended with a string at the waist, while in the case of women, it was a piece of cloth that extended from the navel to the knees. Today, however, Vedda attire is more covering, men wear a short sarong extending from the waist to the knees, while the women clad themselves in a garment similar to the Sinhalese diya-redda which extends from the breast line to the knees.

Music

Bori Bori Sellam-Sellam Bedo Wannita,

Palletalawa Navinna-Pita Gosin Vetenne,

Malpivili genagene-Hele Kado Navinne,

Diyapivili Genagene-Thige Bo Haliskote Peni,

Ka tho ipal denne

(A Vedda honeycomb cutter's folk song)

Meaning of this song - The bees from yonder hills of Palle Talawa and Kade suck nectar from the flowers and made the honeycomb. So why should you give them undue pain when there is no honey by cutting the honeycomb.

Livelihood

A Veddah hunter with bow and arrow.

Veddas were originally hunter-gatherers. They used bows and arrows to hunt game, harpoons and toxic plants for fishing and gathered wild plants, yams, honey, fruit and nuts.[25] Many Veddas also farm, frequently using slash and burn or swidden cultivation, which is called "chena" in Sri Lanka. East Coast Veddas also practice sea fishing. Veddas are famously known for their rich meat diet. Venison and the flesh of rabbit, turtle, tortoise, monitor lizard, wild boar and the common brown monkey are consumed with much relish. The Veddas kill only for food and do not harm young or pregnant animals. Game is commonly shared amongst the family and clan. Fish are caught by employing fish poisons such as the juice of the pus-vel (Entada scandens) and daluk-kiri (Cactus milk).

Traditional Vedda bow and fishing harpoon.

Vedda culinary fare is also deserving of mention. Amongst the best known are gona perume, which is a sort of sausage containing alternate layers of meat and fat, and goya-tel-perume, which is the tail of the monitor lizard (talagoya), stuffed with fat obtained from its sides and roasted in embers. Another Vedda delicacy is dried meat preserve soaked in honey. In the olden days, the Veddas used to preserve such meat in the hollow of a tree, enclosing it with clay.

some of the bows used by the veddahs

Such succulent meat served as a ready food supply in times of scarcity. The early part of the year (January–February) is considered to be the season of yams and mid-year (June–July) that of fruit and honey, while hunting is availed of throughout the year. Nowadays, more and more Vedda folk have taken to Chena (slash and burn) cultivation. Kurakkan Eleusine coracana is cultivated very often. Maize, yams, gourds and melons are also cultivated. In the olden days, the dwellings of the Veddas consisted of caves and rock shelters. Today, they live in unpretentious huts of wattle, daub and thatch.

In the reign of King Datusena (6th century CE) the Mahaweli ganga was diverted at Minipe in the Minipe canal nearly 47 miles long said to be constructed with help from the Yakkas. The Mahawamsa refers to the canal as Yaka-bendi-ela. When the Ruwanweli Seya was built in King Dutugemunu's time (2nd century BCE) the Veddas procured the necessary minerals from the jungles.

King Parakrama Bahu the great (12th century) in his war against the rebels employed these Veddas as scouts.

In the reign of King Rajasinghe II (17th century) in his battle with the Dutch he had a Vedda regiment. In the abortive Uva-Welessa revolt of 1817-1818 of the British times, led by Keppetipola Disawe, the Veddas too fought with the rebels against the British forces.

Current status

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1881 2,200—    
1891 1,200−45.5%
1901 4,000+233.3%
1911 5,300+32.5%
1921 4,500−15.1%
1931 5,200+15.6%
1946 2,400−53.8%
1953 800−66.7%
1963 400−50.0%
1971 —    
1981 —    
1989 (est.) —    
2001 —    
2011 —    
Source:Department of Census
& Statistics[26]
Data is based on
Sri Lankan Government Census.

Some observers have said Veddas are disappearing and have lamented the decline of their distinct culture.[15][27][28][29] Land acquisition for mass irrigation projects, government forest reserve restrictions, and the civil war have disrupted traditional Vedda ways of life.[15][27][30][31] Between 1977 and 1983 under the Accelerated Mahaweli Development Project and colonization schemes, approximately 51468 hectares were turned into a gigantic hydroelectric dam irrigation project.[27][32] Subsequently, the creation of the Maduru Oya National Park deprived the Veddhas their last hunting grounds.[32] In 1985, the Veddha Chief Thissahamy and his delegation were obstructed from attending the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations.[32] Dr. Wiveca Stegeborn, an anthropologist, has been studying the Vedda since 1977 and alleges that their young women are being tricked into accepting contracts to the Middle East as domestic workers when in fact they will be trafficked into prostitution or sold as sex slaves.[33]

However, cultural assimilation of Veddas with other local populations has been going on for a long time. "Vedda" has been used in Sri Lanka to mean not only hunter-gatherers but also to refer to any people who adopt an unsettled and rural way of life and thus can be a derogatory term not based on ethnic group. Thus, over time, it is possible for non-Vedda groups to become Veddas, in this broad cultural sense.[34][35] Vedda populations of this kind are increasing in some districts.[36]

Zoology

A spider genus endemic to Sri Lanka was named Wanniyala as a dedication to Sri Lanka's oldest civilized people.[37]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/sri-lankan-political-geography/vedda
  2. ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ved
  3. ↑ Jayasuriya, S. de Silva (2000). The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka. Lusotopie 2000. p. 255.
  4. ↑ http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/sri-lankan-political-geography/vedda
  5. ↑ "Vedda facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Vedda". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
  6. ↑ http://chandlersfordtoday.co.uk/sri-lanka-ancient-vedda-tribe-becoming-extinct/
  7. ↑ http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140126/plus/race-in-sri-lanka-what-genetic-evidence-tells-us-80911.html
  8. ↑ http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v59/n1/full/jhg2013112a.html
  9. ↑ Seligman, Charles Gabriel and Seligman, Brenda Z. (1911). The Veddas. Cambridge University Press. Digitized here: https://archive.org/details/veddas__00seliuoft
  10. ↑ Knox, Robert [1681] (1981). A Historical Relation of Ceylon. Tisara Prakasakayo Ltd (page 195).
  11. 1 2 "Vedda facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Vedda". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
  12. ↑ Boyle, Richard (2004). Knox's Words: A Study of the Words of Sri Lankan Origin Or Association First Used in English Literature by Robert Knox and Recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary. Visidunu Publication. ISBN 9789559170679.
  13. ↑ "வேடன் | அகராதி | Tamil Dictionary". agarathi.com. University of Madras Lexicon. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
  14. ↑ Brow, James (1978). Vedda Villages of Anuradhapura. University of Washington Press.
  15. 1 2 3 Nira Wickramasinghe. "Sri Lanka's conflict: culture and lineages of the past". Sri Lanka Guardian. Retrieved Feb 20, 2016.
  16. ↑ Sri Lanka's coastal Vedda indigenous communities
  17. ↑ East Coast Veddas
  18. ↑ Van Driem 2002, p. 227
  19. ↑ Dharmadasa 1974, p. 81
  20. ↑ Seligmann, Charles and Brenda (1911). The Veddas. Cambridge University Press (pages 123-135).
  21. ↑ "Seligmann", Charles and Brenda (1911). The Veddas. Cambridge University Press (pages 30-31).
  22. 1 2 The Kataragama-Skanda website
  23. ↑ Vadda of Sri Lanka
  24. ↑ Prehistoric timeline of Sri Lanka - amazinglanka.com Accessed 2015-12-5
  25. ↑ Survival international - Wanniyala-Aetto
  26. ↑ "Population by ethnic group, census years" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  27. 1 2 3 Address of Warige Wanniya to the UN, vedda.org Retrieved 4-12-2015
  28. ↑ Spittel, R.L. (1950). Vanished Trails: The Last of the Veddas. Oxford University Press.
  29. ↑ Difficulties faced by our original inhabitants
  30. ↑ Deforestation, farming and encroachment on to their forests (3:10min)
  31. ↑ The plea of the great chief - Vanniatho speaks (1:40min)
  32. 1 2 3 Sri Lanka's Indigenous Wanniya-laeto: A Case History, vedda.org Retrieved 4-12-2015
  33. ↑ http://gender-policy.tripod.com/backissues/March01.html#Article%20Two
  34. ↑ Brow, James (1978). Vedda Villages of Anuradhapura. University of Washington Press (page 34).
  35. ↑ Obeyesekere, Gananath. Colonial Histories and Vadda Primitivism
  36. ↑ Brow, James (1978). Vedda Villages of Anuradhapura. University of Washington Press (page 3).
  37. ↑ "The pholcid spiders from Sri Lanka: redescription of Pholcus ceylonicus and description of a new genus" (PDF). pholcidae.de. Retrieved 6 May 2016.

Further reading

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, editor Richard B. Lee. ( ISBN 978-0-521-60919-7 | ISBN 0-521-60919-4)

A great deal of information on them can be found at Vedda.org

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