Value capture

Municipalities have used numerous means to capture unearned land values increased by the addition of public infrastructure. This image shows how building height and density (and therefore value) has increased near rail transit stations.

Value capture is a type of public financing that recovers some or all of the value that public infrastructure generates for private landowners.

Description

Public investments, such as building transportation or sewer facilities, can increase adjacent land values, generating an unearned profit for private landowners. The unearned value (increases in land value which otherwise profit private landowners cost-free) may be "captured" directly by converting them into public revenue (see georgism). Thus, value capture internalizes the positive externalities of public investments, allowing public agencies to tax the direct beneficiaries of their investments.

Urban planners and finance officials are often interested in value capture mechanisms, for at least two reasons: 1) because they offer a targeted method to finance infrastructure benefiting specific land, and 2) because some such investments can generate private investment in the area, which will more widely benefit the city (e.g., by providing employment opportunities, shopping and other amenities, and a more robust and diverse tax base.) It can be politically useful to capture for the city treasury a share of the positive externalities of city-financed investment. This can help address public concern about the fact or perception of unfair windfalls when specific owners’ land values increase after urban infrastructure investment is paid from general city revenues.

Although it is not always talked about as such, the most common value capture mechanism is the general real property tax, with no special features other than regular assessment of market value; this is because the common real estate tax includes the less known land value tax. The value of any given land is determined by its proximity to various amenities (both public and private). Thus, for example, when a new subway station or highway interchange is installed, land near the new facility becomes more valuable. Investment in capital improvements to land can synergistically generate capital investment in other nearby locations, which further increases land value. Thus, even if the rate of taxation does not change, the tax revenue generated from properties which benefit goes up by way of higher land values and increased development. The effectiveness of value capture depends, of course, on a smoothly functioning ad valorem property or land value tax system, with regularly updated assessments.

Examples

Value capture strategies can be applied to developers or landowners, and they can be applied before or after a public improvement is built.[1] In the case of new public transit facilities, the property value premium nearby can be as high as 167%.[2] Types of value capture include the following:[3]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ CTS Featured Research: Value Capture
  2. ↑ Transit and Value Capture - Reconnecting America
  3. ↑ A Decision-Support Framework For Using Value Capture to Fund Public Transit: Lessons From Project-Specific Analyses | Mineta Transportation Institute Research Report

Sources

  • David M. Levinson and Emilia Istrate. Access for Value: Financing Transportation Through Land Value Capture. Brookings, 2011.
  • Financing Transit Systems Through Value Capture: An Annotated Bibliography, Jeffery J. Smith and Thomas A. Gihring in Victoria Transport Policy Institute Encyclopedia, Victoria Canada, Nov. 2004
  • Value Capture as a Policy Tool in Transportation Economics, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Jan, 2001 by H. William Batt
  • Developing a Methodology to Capture Land Value Uplift Around Transport Facilities: Executive Summary, for Scottish Executive, October 2004.
  • Land Value and Public Transport, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM), London, Oct. 2002
  • Cervero, Robert; Duncan, Michael (2002), "Transit's Value Added Effects: Light and Commuter Rail Services on Commercial Land Values", Transportation Research Record, 1805: 8–15 .
  • Challenges in Implementing Colombia's Participación en Plusvalías, Botero, Carolina Barco and Smolka, Martim, March, 2000, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
  • Using Value Capture to Finance Infrastructure and Encourage Compact Development, Rick Rybeck, Public Works Management & Policy Journal, Vol. 8 Number 4, April 2004, (Sage Publications) pp 249 - 260.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.