Ultima Online

Ultima Online
Original cover art
Developer(s)

Origin Systems (1997–2004) Electronic Arts (2004–2006) Mythic Entertainment (2006–2014)[1]

Broadsword (2014–)[2]
Publisher(s) Electronic Arts
Director(s) Starr Long
Producer(s) Richard Garriott
Designer(s) Raph Koster
Programmer(s) Rick Delashmit
Scott Phillips
Composer(s) Kirk Winterrowd
Joe Basquez
Hal Milton
Series Ultima Edit this on Wikidata
Platform(s) Microsoft Windows, Linux[3]
Release September 24, 1997[4]
Genre(s) MMORPG
Mode(s) Multiplayer

Ultima Online (UO) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), released on September 24, 1997,[4] by Origin Systems.

Ultima Online is a fantasy role-playing game set in the Ultima universe. It is known for its extensive player versus player combat system. Since its release, it has added eight expansion packs, a booster pack and dozens of free content updates. The release of Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn in 2007 brought a new game engine with upgraded visuals.

Gameplay

Ultima Online continued the tradition of previous Ultima games in many ways, but due to advancing technology and the simple fact that it was Origin's first persistent online game, many new game mechanics appeared. Partially designed as a social and economic experiment, the game had to account for widespread player interaction as well as deal with the tradition of players feeling as if they were the center of attention, as had been the case in single-player games.

Worlds

Ultima Online began with a single world, with specific expansion packs adding additional territory and new worlds. The second world was the "Lost Lands", with additional land, dungeons, creatures, and terrain. The third was Trammel. This led the developers to distinguish the original world by making the environment more grim, and naming it "Felucca".[5] The two kinds of servers were "normal" servers with both Trammel (consensual PVP) and Felucca (non-consensual PVP) ruleset and "siege" servers with non-consensual PVP and no item insurance. Siege servers support one character slot on an account, limits to ways of traveling and other limits.[6]

The worlds in Ultima Online include:

  • Felucca — The original world, which evolved to include dead trees and tombstones to distinguish. It has a harsher rule set where player killing is more common.[5]
  • Trammel — Supported a rule set that does not allow non-consensual PVP and additional open land for player housing.[7]
  • Ilshenar — Added dungeons and monsters and evolved to include new land, as well as more than 30 new creatures (designed by Todd McFarlane).[8]
  • Malas — Included a Player versus Player arena and space for 1500 new homes. It featured Dungeon Doom, the then-largest dungeon, and two cities: Luna (the "City of Paladins") and Umbra (the "City of Necromancers").[9] Malas is a series of islands floating in a starry void[9] and is distinguished by a darker artistic style.[10] Malas was praised for its variety of creatures and geographic features.[9]
  • Tokuno — Group of islands based on Feudal Japan.
  • Ter Mur — Land of the Gargoyles. The capital, Ter Mur, features space for player homes.[11]

Expansions

Throughout Ultima Online's history, there have been many major additions to the game. Expansion packs have been released regularly, all of which add new content in the form of landmass, art, quests, items, or game mechanics.

TitleRelease dateFeatures
Ultima Online: The Second Age October 1, 1998 Lost Lands, along with an in-game chat system and new creatures. Also known as T2A. It was released in two boxed versions with different artwork and a single manual.
Ultima Online: Renaissance May 4, 2000 Doubled the size of the world, adding a second copy. The worlds were called Felucca and Trammel, after the two moons in Ultima's Britannia world. The Trammel world did not allow player killing and was geared towards fighting monsters. Felucca adopted a darker, more foreboding look and kept its player vs player roots.
Ultima Online: Third Dawn March 7, 2001 Included a 3D client to compete with 3D competition like EverQuest. A special Third Dawn-only land was created, called Ilshenar. It was accessible only to 3D clients until the release of Lord Blackthorn's Revenge.
Ultima Online: Lord Blackthorn's Revenge February 24, 2002 Brought "a dark new world based on new characters from Todd McFarlane" to Ultima Online with improved game artificial intelligence, in-game help and improved character creation.
Ultima Online: Age of Shadows February 11, 2003 Brought the landmass of Malas with space for new housing, two new character classes (Paladin and Necromancer) and the ability to customize house designs. The item system was reworked with this expansion. Armor resistance was split into five types and many new properties that affected game play were added to weaponry. As good equipment became vital, this expansion also brought with it item insurance. Subscriptions reached a peak of over 250,000 accounts following the release.[12]
Ultima Online: Samurai Empire November 2, 2004 Brought ancient Japanese mythology and folklore to the game, two new classes (Ninja and Samurai) and a new area to explore, the Tokuno Islands. The new class skills shifted the balance of player vs. player combat away from mage dominance.
Ultima Online: Mondain's Legacy August 30, 2005 Introduced a new race, elves, and a new skill, spellweaving. Several dungeons were also added.
Ultima Online: Stygian Abyss September 8, 2009 Featured a new playable race, the Gargoyle; additional play areas; and three new skills: imbuing, throwing and mysticism.[13] Stygian Abyss also featured significant upgrades to the Kingdom Reborn client, which has been renamed to the Enhanced Client. The original client is still supported.[14]
Ultima Online: Time of Legends 2015 New Areas: Shadowguard and Valley of Eodon; two new champion spawns; сompleting the virtue system; lots of new items; new skill-masteries; updates to classic housing.[15]

Booster packs

At a public relations event on August 28, 2010 it was announced that the development team was moving to a "booster" style development process.[16][17] The stated goal was to release two boosters per year.[18]

TitleRelease dateFeatures
Ultima Online: High Seas October 12, 2010 Focused on additions to fishing, sailing and the pirate skill. Four new ship types, improved ship movement, pirate NPCs to hunt, and new boss encounters are introduced along with improvements to the fishing skill like new types of fish and crustaceans to catch and an increased skill cap.[19]

Development

Garriott (left), Long, Koster, and Rich Vogel at the 2018 Game Developers Conference

Ultima Online is the product of Richard Garriott's idea for a fantasy game involving several thousand people who can all play in a shared fantasy world. Prior games allowed hundreds of people to play at the same time, including Habitat (beta-tested in 1986), The Realm Online, Neverwinter Nights (the AOL version) and Meridian 59; however, Ultima Online significantly outdid these games, both graphically and in game mechanics. Garriott commented that "it was very important to us that Ultima Online be a game with a theme, and story, and quest - and then support larger, grander activity. We don't want it to be just player controller and dominated; we want it to be an Ultima experience, with all the qualities that people expect from that. Ultima Online will be, I believe, the very first ever completely virtual world for the mass public to go live out alternate lives in."[20] The goal was to offer the player as much freedom as possible.[21] The initial team was composed of Garriott, Starr Long, Rick Delashmit, Scott Phillips and, a bit later Raph Koster, who became the lead designer. Koster wrote public "designer letters" and usually went by his nickname of Designer Dragon. Koster drew inspiration from prior online games,[22] such as DartMUD.[23]

The project started in 1995 and was presented to the public at E3 as "Ultima Online: Shattered Legacy" in May 1996. Origin claimed to have more than 3,000 participants in the preliminary alpha testing.[24] The development cost was much greater than traditional computer games; it relied on people accessing servers via modem. Ultima Online's initial features included persistent player housing, skill-based character progression (without levels or classes),[25] a craft-based and player-driven economy,[26] and unrestricted player-versus-player combat.[27]

An artificial life engine was supposed to be implemented into the game. A preview announced that ecological events in the game would affect animal behavior, potentially creating new adventure possibilities in an organic manner.[28] However, this feature never made it beyond the game's beta stage. Richard Garriott explained:

We thought it was fantastic. We'd spent an enormous amount of time and effort on it. But what happened was all the players went in and just killed everything; so fast that the game couldn't spawn them fast enough to make the simulation even begin. And so, this thing that we'd spent all this time on, literally no-one ever noticed – ever – and we eventually just ripped it out of the game, you know, with some sadness.[29]

Beta and assassination of Lord British

Lord British was Garriot's in-game alter ego, who was killed during an in-game appearance at Ultima Online's beta test on August 9, 1997. During a server population stress test, a player character known as Rainz cast the "fire field" spell, killing Lord British. Producer Starr Long blamed it on human error: Lord British's character, like others, had been made invulnerable to this kind of attack, but by design the invulnerability did not persist over several game sessions. When the server crashed shortly before the incident, Garriott forgot to reset his invulnerability status. Shortly after, administrators banned Rainz's account from the beta test for repeatedly exploiting, rather than reporting, bugs. According to Origin, he was not banned for the assassination but rather for prior complaints against his account highlighted by this incident. Beta testers protested Rainz's ban as well as subsequent actions of Long and other developers, during which his in-game character used a spell to indiscriminately kill other characters who observed the assassination. MMOCrunch calls it the most memorable event in MMORPG History.[30][31] September 1997 was the last day of the original beta test. The beta ended with a bang, as players were treated to an "end of the world" scenario with Shadowlords, demons, and other evil creatures slaughtering every character in sight.

Origin era (1995–2004)

In September 1997, Ultima Online launched and opened the first game servers to the public.[32] Upon release, Ultima Online proved popular, reaching 100,000 paying subscribers within six months, causing severe lag problems. In 1999, servers opened around the world to support the rising popularity of the game, in Japan, Europe and South Korea. In 2000, Garriot resigned from Origin, taking Lord British with him. Game players created their own fanfiction speculations as to why the Lord had vanished. In February 2000, a large in-world event had a massive army of undead lay siege to the Britannia city of Trinsic. The event ran concurrently on all servers over several months. Another server opened in Australia during this time. In May 2000, Ultima Online's second expansion Ultima Online: Renaissance dramatically altered the game. It split the game world into two parts called Trammel and Felucca, one was a consensual PVP zone, while the other was non-consensual. In November 2000, a Ultima Online's first official fanfest was held, called the UO World Faire in Austin, TX.[33] In March 2001, Ultima Online's third expansion |Ultima Online: Third Dawn was released. It added a new area to the server called Ilshenar. This new area could only be accessed with a new game client that launched with the expansion. The original game client could be used in the previous server areas. In January 2002, Ultima Online's second official fanfest was called Online Worlds FanFest, also held in Austin. Players were able to meet the developers, as well as guest speaker Todd McFarlane. February saw the release of Ultima Online's fourth expansion Ultima Online: Lord Blackthorn's Revenge. Notably, it enabled access to the areas previously only available to the newer Third Dawn game client. In February 2003, Ultima Online's fifth expansion Ultima Online: Age of Shadows was released. It was the most game changing update yet including: offering players the ability to custom design their game homes, a server area that doubled the size of homes, and overhauled the item system. Around March 2003 Ultima Online reached approximately 250,000 subscribers. In February 2004, Origin Systems shut down. Ultima Online no longer had a named studio managing it. Development headquarters moved from Austin to Fairfax, Virginia.

Electronic Arts era (2004–2006)

The sixth expansion, Samurai Empire, launched in November 2004 was Japanese-themed. It offered two new professions, the Ninja and the Samurai, as well as new Japanese-themed housing tile sets. New lands, the Tokuno Islands, were added, with the cities being styled after ancient Japanese cities.

Ultima Online was the first MMORPG to reach the 100,000 subscriber base, far exceeding that of any game that went before it.[34] Subscriber numbers peaked at around 250,000 in July 2003, but then began a steady decline. In 2008 the game had around 100,000 subscribers.[35] As of April 2008, Ultima Online held a market share below 0.6% of the massively multiplayer online game subscriptions.[36] This may in part be attributed to the 2004 release of World of Warcraft, which quickly established hegemony over the MMORPG market and has attracted scores of players from all preexisting games in the genre.

Expansion number seven, Mondain's Legacy, launched in August 2005. It featured the second player race, Elves. The quest system received a major upgrade, as did the crafting system. Spellweaving was added to the skills. Many new dungeons were added. This expansion was the first that was only available online (offline versions on CDs could be ordered). Mondain's Legacy was the last expansion, with updates becoming more irregular after that point.

Mythic Entertainment era (2006–2014)

In June 2006 Electronic Arts purchased Mythic Entertainment, the creators of Dark Age of Camelot. Mythic was tasked with managing EA's MMORPG portfolio, including Ultima Online. That month it was also announced that the anti-cheating software PunkBuster would be integrated into Ultima Online. This marked the first time PunkBuster would be used with an MMORPG to help curb cheating and exploiting. However, it was never integrated into the game, and in November 2006, Electronic Arts put the PunkBuster integration on indefinite hold.

In August 2007 Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn was released. This was the first major overhaul of the client and artwork systems since Ultima Online: Third Dawn. The final expansion was Stygian Abyss (2009), which focused on the gargoyle race. After Stygian Abyss the development model shifted from expansions to "booster packs" that were intended to be smaller updates released more frequently. However, the first booster pack High Seas of 2010 was also the last.

Broadsword era (2014–present)

It was announced on February 6, 2014 that development of the game would be transferred from Mythic to Broadsword, a new studio, that would take over future development.[37]

Other releases

Ultima Online has had several special releases that were not expansions, but came with boxed or in-game extras.

  • Ultima Online: Charter Edition (September 30, 1997) was available to pre-order from Origin Systems at the launch of Ultima Online and in small quantities alongside the standard retail box. It included a signed lithograph of the Ultima Online artwork by the Hilderbrandt brothers and a pewter pin badge bearing the Ultima Online logo. The box was not signed by Richard Garriott, but simply bears a digital print of his Lord British signature. The Charter Edition included the cloth map that was also a feature of the standard box, and included three months of subscription time, as opposed to the single month included with the standard box.
  • Ultima Online: Discovery Edition (February 1, 2000) was released to the Australian and New Zealand markets at the same time as the launch of the Oceania server for the region.
  • Ultima Online: 7th Anniversary (September 25, 2004) was a special release of the game to celebrate Ultima Online's seventh birthday. It included a more recently patched CD. This release was contained in a small cardboard box containing a triple-CD jewel case, featuring Ultima Online: Age of Shadows, but also included Ultima IX: Ascension install and play discs as a bonus. A glossy booklet showing the history of Ultima Online expansions was included that contained historic art and an interview from the Ultima Online team and community leaders. It included a code for an in-game gift, one of which was Ultima Online's famous Hilderbrant print, an extra character slot (a total of six characters was now available) and 7 buddy registration codes.
  • Ultima Online: Gold (July 18, 2005) was sold by Wal-Mart and includes the same content as Ultima Online: Samurai Empire. This edition came with an Advanced Character token code and quick-start manual.
  • Ultima Online: The Eighth Age (September 25, 2005) was a boxed game CD with an array of in-game tokens. The release was to celebrate Ultima Online's eighth birthday. The box included an patched game CD, a glossy booklet featuring an atlas of Sosaria, in-game tokens for an anniversary gift (choice of 8), a character transfer, an advanced character, a 45-day free trial code and a time-limited blue soulstone.
  • Ultima Online: 9th Anniversary Collection (October 31, 2006). Formerly known as "Eve of a New Age." This came with an in-game upgrade code that redeemed 9 "Heritage Tokens", "Crystal" and "Shadow" items which matched new housing tile sets in the game, and attendants, which took the form of NPCs. These could be set to announce a player's presence in a house or to follow the player around on the map. The Heritage tokens could be redeemed for several kinds of items including special armor, weapons, and house decoration items in various themes (3 fruit trees, a set of rugs, tables, a broken furniture set, a "dark" or evil furniture set and more).
  • Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn (June 27, 2007) introduced a new client with new graphics and interface. This client was never finished and was replaced by the Enhanced Client in 2009.

Shard emulation

Fans of Ultima Online reverse-engineered the game to produce server emulators of the original Electronic Arts servers.[38] With emulation server software it is possible to customize most aspects of the game and support large numbers of concurrent players on a single server.

Clients

Electronic Arts provides the standard clients with which players are allowed to connect to the Ultima Online servers, though some third-party clients were made.

Original client

The original Ultima Online client is 2D and presents a crisper, simpler artistic flavor that some people find more attractive than the 3D client. Some of the graphics used are high-resolution versions of graphics used in Ultima VIII: Pagan.

Ultima Online: Third Dawn client

The 3D client was originally released as a part of the Ultima Online: Third Dawn expansion, but received poor reviews due to performance issues (especially memory leaks early on) and sub-par graphics. An update to the 3D client was made on January 30, 2006 when characters and creatures from the game were scaled down to smaller sizes. As of early May/Late April 2007, the Third Dawn client was no longer supported by Electronic Arts, and focus shifted to the Kingdom Reborn client and its successor the Enhanced Client. Electronic Arts Ultima Online servers do not allow the Third Dawn client to connect.

Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn client
Screenshot from Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn.

Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn was announced in August 2006 and was released August 27, 2007.[39] The new client modernized the game's look, making it easy to add new content without backsliding through outdated and outmoded art, while maintaining the niche market as an MMORPG that can run on lower-end computers. Electronic Arts referred to the Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn client as "2.5d," meaning that it was written in 3d and then moved into 2d to make it easier for lower-end computers to run. The client is available as a free download.

Electronic Arts originally stated that the Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn client would replace the long-standing Ultima Online client. Support for this client ended on September 9, 2009, to streamline the patch process prior to the release of the Ultima Online: Stygian Abyss expansion.[40]

Enhanced Client

A modified version of the Kingdom Reborn client, renamed as the "Enhanced Client", was introduced as part of the Stygian Abyss expansion. It was released as an open beta in July 2009. Changes included enhanced macro abilities, a more configurable interface, changes to the mapping system, and graphical improvements.[41] The enhanced graphics of the Kingdom Reborn client had been retired in favor of lower resolution original graphics that more closely resembled the original 2D client. This graphic set was based on the Third Dawn client and was previously available in the Kingdom Reborn client as optional original graphics.

Reception

According to an Origin employee, Electronic Arts initially expected a maximum of 15,000 subscribers for Ultima Online.[42] However, Stefan Janicki of GameSpot later remarked that it "quickly became one of the most commercially successful games ever".[43] Between Ultima Online's launch on September 25 and November 13, the game sold 65,000 units. In Japan, its initial shipment of 5,000 units had sold out within 15 minutes.[44] At the time, Electronic Arts declared it the fastest-selling computer game it had published in its history.[45] Coinciding with this news, Electronic Arts announced plans to ship an additional 80,000 units to domestic and international markets, including 15,000 for Japan.[44] The game was Japan's best-selling computer release in the first month after its launch.[46] Ultima Online reached 100,000 subscribers in December 1998. Declaring the game a hit, IGN noted at the time that its players "pay $9.95 a month to play the game. That's a million dollars in revenue a month. Twelve million dollars a year." By that time, it averaged 12,500 simultaneous players, and the median playtime was 20 hours per week.[47] The number rose to 120,000 subscribers by March of the following year.[48] By June 1999, Ultima Online's global sales had surpassed 200,000 units.[49]

Ultima Online reached 150,000 simultaneous subscribers by February 2000.[50] The number rose to 165,000 in March, which amounted to $1.65 million in monthly revenue.[51] By October, the game's subscriber count had risen to 250,000.[52] By July 2001, a representative of Electronic Arts reported, "While we do only a fraction of PC game business in Japan against EA's worldwide business, over 25 percent of Ultima Online business is done in Japan. Out of 240,000 current UO users, 64,000 are Japanese."[53]

Awards

Ultima Online's success resulted in Guinness World Records awarding the game eight world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include "First MMORPG to Reach 100,000 Players", "Longest Running MMORPG", and "First and Only Person to Kill Lord British", which was done by a player named Rainz during a server reset which turned off his invulnerability.[54] In May 2001 Ultima Online won the MPOGD game of the month award [55] In 2010, Ultima Online was the first inductee into the Game Developers Choice Online Awards Hall of Fame.[56] In 2012, Stratics presented Ultima Online with a "Historic Achievement Award" to commemorate "fifteen years of innovation, imagination, and dedication in support of the Ultima Online community."[57] Time designated it as one of the 100 greatest video games of all time in November 2012.[58]

Communities

During the game's May 1996 alpha testing, there already formed over a dozen player-created guilds.[59]

Shadowclan is a guild that gained notoriety within the online gaming community[60] in 1997 by taking the place of non-player character orcs in Ultima Online.[61] Former clan administrator Ogur was interviewed about Shadowclan in Massively Multiplayer Games For Dummies.[62] A reference to Shadowclan was written into the official Dark Age of Camelot documentation.[63]

Canceled sequels

Two sequels were planned by Electronic Arts, but both were canceled during development so that more focus could be spent on the original.

  • Ultima Online 2, later renamed Ultima Worlds Online: Origin was announced in 1999. It was to add steampunk elements to the fantasy setting, set in a world where the past, present and future of Sosaria were merged by a mistake made by Lord British while attempting to merge the shards of the Gem of Immortality. Todd McFarlane was hired to design original monsters and regions for the game, as well as help shape the story. It was cancelled in 2001 before its release, citing the competitive nature of the massively multiplayer online gaming market—Electronic Arts feared the sequel would harm Ultima Online's subscription numbers. Some of the monsters and art made for the game were later used in the Ultima Online expansion Lord Blackthorn's Revenge.
  • Ultima X: Odyssey was a new MMORPG to be set in a world named Alucinor, created by the Avatar after the events of Ultima IX: Ascension. It was cancelled in 2004 when Electronic Arts closed Origin. The Odyssey team was invited to move to the Bay area to finish the game. However, only a small number of people accepted the transfer. In the end, Odyssey was cancelled because the development team dissolved.

Controversies

Since the designers of Ultima Online wanted to provide freedom and sense of agency, it was important to allow players to act in a villainous role. The consequences of in-game criminality were adjusted over time, but maintaining the general commitment to player freedom. As explained by designer Raph Koster, "Being safe from evil is, in my mind, an uneven tradeoff for the fact that you don't get to be heroes anymore, in that you can just opt out of fighting evil. It may be nobody wants to be heroes except when it doesn't count, when it isn't challenging, that people would rather fight 'pretend evil' than the real thing, but I don't personally believe that. I still think people are better than that."[64] Eventually, the Renaissance expansion created large areas of the game in which it was not possible to harm other players. A significant spike in account reactivation was attributed to this aspect of Renaissance.

Ultima Online was sued by former player volunteers ("Counselors") and settled in 2004 without admitting wrongdoing.[65] AOL had their volunteers train customer service personnel it hired, then shut down the volunteer program. Concern over future lawsuits led Microsoft to shut down their volunteer program for Asheron's Call.[66]

References

  1. ↑ "Ultima Online". Mythic Entertainment. August 25, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25.
  2. ↑ "The Next Chapter for Ultima Online". Broadsword Online Games. February 21, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21.
  3. ↑ "Ultima Online for Linux FAQ". Reverser.hut.ru. Archived from the original on February 29, 2004. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  4. 1 2 "10 Years of Ultima Online: Ultima Online Through the Ages". 1up.com. 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  5. 1 2 "Ultima Online: Renaissance (PC) – PC Games – CNET Archive". Reviews.cnet.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ "Ten Years of Ultima Online from". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  8. ↑ Gaz, Big (April 3, 2002). "Blackthorns Revenge Released – News at Gameplanet New Zealand". Gameplanet.co.nz. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 "Ultima Online Age of Shadows (PC) – PC Games – CNET Archive". Reviews.cnet.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  10. ↑ "[ RPGamer ] Preview: Ultima Online: Age of Shadows (Windows)". Rpgamer.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
  11. ↑ Archived July 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ Electronic Arts (March 2003). "ORIGIN Systems Announces Record Number of Subscriptions". Electronic Arts. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
  13. ↑ Zeeman, Chrissay (September 8, 2009). "Publish 60 Notes". Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  14. ↑ Crowner, Calvin (August 14, 2009). "Open Beta Begins!". Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Developer video diary". February 24, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  16. ↑ Electronic Arts (August 2010). "Town Hall Event Announcing Adventures on the High Seas". Electronic Arts. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  17. ↑ Crowner, Calvin (September 3, 2010). "Producers Update – 9/3/10". Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  18. ↑ Crowner, Calvin (September 10, 2010). "Producer's Update – 9/10/2010". Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  19. ↑ The Ultima Online Team (October 12, 2010). "Welcome to the High Seas! – Publish 68 Notes". Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Is Richard Garriott Really Building a Better World?". Next Generation. No. 27. Imagine Media. March 1997. pp. 8–12.
  21. ↑ EPNdotTV (2016-01-26), Electric Playground: Season 1, Episode 8, retrieved 2018-08-22
  22. ↑ "Raph Koster's Website". Raphkoster.com. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  23. ↑ Koster MUD-Dev Posting "DartMUD was influential on me, certainly—ought to have been for everyone." (archived)
  24. ↑ Yee, Bernard (June 1996). "Joyriding". Next Generation. No. 18. Imagine Media. p. 24.
  25. ↑ Alexander, Thor (2003). Massively Multiplayer Game Development. Charles River Media. p. 24. ISBN 9781584502432.
  26. ↑ Alexander, Thor (2003). Massively Multiplayer Game Development. Charles River Media. p. 22. ISBN 9781584502432.
  27. ↑ Alexander, Thor (2003). Massively Multiplayer Game Development. Charles River Media. p. 91. ISBN 9781584502432.
  28. ↑ Ward, Trent. "Ultima Online Preview". GameSpot. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  29. ↑ Garriott, Richard. "Good Game interview". in conversation with Bajo of Good Game. ABC Television, Australia. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  30. ↑ "Five Biggest Moments in UO History" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. November 2, 2002.
  31. ↑ Brad King (June 8, 2002). "Make Love, Not War Games". Wired.
  32. ↑ Chris Morris (March 4, 2003). "Electronic Arts' online folly". CNN.
  33. ↑ "UO Fans Get Medieval – Wine, women, and song at the Ultima Online World Faire". Computer Gaming World. February 1, 2001.
  34. ↑ "EA Announces Ultima Online(TM): Kingdom Reborn (Working Title); The Game That Firmly Established the MMORPG Genre Receives a Massive Visual Overhaul and New Content in 2007". Electronic Arts. August 24, 2006. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  35. ↑ mmodata.blogspot.com (2012). "Subscriptions (SS) and Active Accounts (AA) with a peak between 150k and 1m". mmodata.blogspot.com. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  36. ↑ MMOGchart.com (April 2008). "MMOG Subscriptions Market Share". MMOGchart.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  37. ↑ "Producer Letter".
  38. ↑ Joe Blancato (August 2, 2005). "The Highest Form of Flattery". The Escapist. Retrieved August 11, 2006.
  39. ↑ "Ultima Online: Kingdom Reborn for PC". Gamespot. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
  40. ↑ Zeeman, Chrissay (September 7, 2009). "Kingdom Reborn Client". Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  41. ↑ Crowner, Calvin (July 17, 2009). "New Client Open Beta". Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  42. ↑ Geryk, Bruce. "PC Gaming Graveyard; Jane's A-10 Warthog". GameSpot. Origin Shifts Focus. Archived from the original on August 18, 2000.
  43. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20021012212507/http://gamespot.com/gamespot/features/pc/graveyard_ultima/
  44. 1 2 Jebens, Harley (November 13, 1997). "Impressive Ultima Sales". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 12, 2000.
  45. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/19980218070412/http://www.pcgamer.com/news/news-1997-11-10.html
  46. ↑ Staff (December 24, 1997). "Ultima Tops Japanese Charts". GameSpot. Archived from the original on April 20, 2000.
  47. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/19991117091849/http://pc.ign.com/news/6139.html
  48. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20010525115006/http://www.gamedaily.com/news/march_99/3_12/index.shtml
  49. ↑ Staff (June 1999). "Meridian 59 - A GamesFN Analysis". GameDaily. Archived from the original on April 17, 2001.
  50. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20000817110803/http://www.gamecenter.com/News/Item/0,3,0-3802,00.html
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  56. ↑ "The First Annual Game Developers Choice Online Awards".
  57. ↑ "Stratics Presents Historic Achievement Award to Ultima Online Team". Archived from the original on 2013-02-03.
  58. ↑ Peckham, Matt (November 15, 2012). "All-TIME 100 Video Games". Time. Archived from the original on August 17, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
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  60. ↑ HOOWAH! Player Memorabilia from raphkoster.com
  61. ↑ Ultima Online Spotlight #6 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 28, 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2006. from uo.com
  62. ↑ Jennings, Scott. Massively Multiplayer Games For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-471-75273-8.
  63. ↑ Camelot Herald Races: Kobold "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 22, 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2006. from camelotherald.com
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  65. ↑ T.L. Taylor (April 19, 2004). "UO lawsuit settled". Terranova.blogs.com. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  66. ↑ Developing Online Games by Mulligan and Patrovsky, page 252
  1. ↑ Underworld Ascendant uses the same settings, characters, and lore as the other Underworld games, but does not have the Ultima license.
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