Titus Annius Milo

Titus Annius Milo Papianus (/ˈmaɪloʊ/) was a Roman political agitator. The son of Gaius Papius Celsus, he was adopted by his maternal grandfather, Titus Annius Luscus. In 52 BC, he was prosecuted for the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher. He was unsuccessfully defended by his friend, Marcus Tullius Cicero, in the speech Pro Milone.

Early political life

Milo was a supporter of Pompey and the optimates, and organized bands of armed slaves, mercenaries and gladiators in opposition to Clodius, who supported Pompey's rival, Julius Caesar, and the populares. The two opposing factions clashed in the streets of Rome between 57 BC and 52 BC. Milo was tribune of the plebs in 57 BC. He took a prominent part in recalling Cicero from exile after Clodius had arranged for his exile the previous year.

On 23 January 57 BC, Clodius tried to use a force of gladiators to block a move to recall Cicero from exile, but Milo arrested Clodius' gladiators. Milo was subsequently attacked by Clodius' gangs. Milo attempted to prosecute Clodius for carrying out this violence but was unsuccessful. Later that year he tried to prosecute Clodius again, but Clodius escaped by being elected aedile in 56 BC and so was immune from prosecution.

Milo became praetor in 54 BC, and in that year, he married Fausta Cornelia, daughter of the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and the ex-wife of Gaius Memmius.

Death of Clodius

In 53 BC, Milo was a candidate for the consulship (against Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Publius Plautius Hypsaeus, nominees of Pompey) while Clodius was standing for the praetorship. There was a breakdown of order in Rome at this time with rival factions rioting in the streets. The elections were declared void because of the excessive use of the tribunes' vetoes which meant that 52 BC began with an interregnum.

On 18 January 52 BC, Milo, Clodius, and their respective gangs met on the Appian Way at Bovillae. Milo was on his way to Lanuvium to appoint a priest. Conflicting stories claim that either Clodius was peacefully heading to Rome after receiving news a friend had died, or was lying in wait for Milo. Whatever the reason, the result was a pitched battle with Clodius being killed by Milo's slaves.

Trial

The followers of Clodius carried his body to the Senate House, the Curia Hostilia, and set fire to it. In the ensuing unrest, the Senate called on Pompey to become sole consul. He set about restoring order, partly by force but also by the legal means now at his disposal. He passed a law regarding both electoral bribery and violence and charged Milo under the new law. Pompey's actions may have been designed to placate Clodius' supporters, who would not be soothed even after they had set fire to the Curia. Pompey hand picked Milo's jury, and the presiding magistrate, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, was Pompey's client.

Milo was defended by Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marcus Caelius Rufus and Marcus Marcellus. Under Pompey's new procedural rules, the trial should have lasted five days, with the summing up for the defence and the verdict on the fifth day. However, on the first day, Gaius Causinius Schola appeared as a witness against Milo and described the deed in such a way as to portray Milo as a cold-blooded murderer. That worked up the Clodian crowd, who, in turn, terrified the advocate on Milo's side, Marcus Marcellus. As he began his questioning of the witnesses, the Clodian crowd drowned out his voice and surrounded him. On subsequent days, Pompey brought in armed men to keep order.

On the final day of the trial, Cicero was to give a closing speech to try to prevent Milo from being condemned. Instead, he broke down after he was intimidated by the Clodian mob and either did not finish or did not present the speech well and in the style for which he was renowned. Milo was convicted by 38 votes to 13.[1]

Exile

Milo left Rome and went into exile at Massilia (today Marseille). His property was sold by auction. During his absence, Milo was prosecuted and convicted for bribery, unlawful association and violence.

Cassius Dio states that when Cicero had finished writing up his speech, he sent a copy to Milo in exile. Milo wrote back that it was lucky for him that the same speech had not been made in court because otherwise he would "not now be enjoying the delicious red mullet of Massilia".[2]

Death

In 48 BC, Milo joined Marcus Caelius Rufus in the rebellion against Caesar, but he died at that year's siege of Compsa, near Thurii, in Lucania.[3] He was killed by a stone thrown from the city walls.

Titus Annius Milo appears as a recurring character in John Maddox Roberts' SPQR series of novels. These historical mysteries are presented as memoirs of fictional Decius Caecilius Metellus the Younger; Milo is a trusted friend of Metellus.

Milo also appears as a character in A Murder on the Appian Way, Last Seen in Massilia and A Mist of Prophecies, in the Roma Sub Rosa series of historical mystery novels by Steven Saylor.

Milo appears in Conn Iggulden's book The Field of Swords, the third in the series Emperor, as a street gangster who wages a private war with Publius Clodius.

Milo is a character in Colleen McCollough's novel Caesar.

He also appears in the book Street Fighter: Son of Spartacus in a plot to assassinate Julius Caesar.

Milo features prominently in the 2015 novel Dictator by British novelist Robert Harris.

References

  1. ↑ Asconius, Pro Milone, 53C
  2. ↑ Dio, 40.54.3
  3. ↑ Michele Carluccio (2002). Conza della Campania. Il parco archeologico Compsa. De Angelis. ISBN 978-88-86218-46-7.

Further reading

  • L. Fezzi, Il tribuno Clodio, Roma-Bari 2008
  • Uwe Homola: Untersuchungen zu Titus Annius Milo. Diss. Mannheim 1997 (Microfiche).
  • Ruebel, James S., "The Trial of Milo in 52 B.C.: A Chronological Study", Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-), Vol. 109, (1979), pp. 231–249, American Philological Association.
  • W.J. Tatum, The Patrician Tribune. Publius Clodius Pulcher, Chapel Hill 1999.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Milo, Titus Annius". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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