Theory of the Earth

Theory of the Earth
The issue of the cover of Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh that the "Theory of the Earth" was first published
Author James Hutton
Country Scotland
Language English
Series Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. 1
Publisher Royal Society of Edinburgh
Publication date
 1788

Theory of the Earth was a publication by James Hutton which laid the foundations for geology.[1][2] In it he showed that the Earth is the product of natural forces. What could be seen happening today, over long periods of time, could produce what we see in the rocks. This idea, uniformitarianism, was used by Charles Lyell in his work, and Lyell's textbook was an important influence on Charles Darwin. The work was first published in 1788[3] by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and later in 1795 as two book volumes.[4][5]

Hutton recognized that rocks record the evidence of the past action of processes which still operate today. He also anticipated natural selection, as follows:

"Those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race".[6]

Hutton's prose hindered his theories.[7] John Playfair in 1802 restated of Huttton's geological ideas in clearer English. However, he left out Hutton's thoughts on evolution.[8] Charles Lyell in the 1830s popularised the idea of an infinitely repeating cycle (of the erosion of rocks and the building up of sediment). Lyell believed in gradual change, and thought even Hutton gave too much credit to catastrophic changes.

Hutton's work was published in different forms and stages:

  1. 1788. Theory of the Earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution, and restoration of land upon the Globe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 1, Part 2, pp. 209–304.
  2. 1795. Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations. 2 vols, Edinburgh: Creech.
  3. 1899. Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations, vol III. Edited by Sir Archibald Geikie. Geological Society, Burlington House, London.

References

  1. ↑ Scientific American. "Theory of The Earth". Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  2. ↑ Mather, Kirtley & Mason, Shirley L. (eds) [1939] 1967. A source book in Geology, 1400–1900. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 92–100. ISBN 0-674-82277-3
  3. ↑ Hutton, James (1788). "Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1 (Part 2): 209–304.
  4. ↑ Hutton, James (1795). Theory of the Earth. 1. Edinburgh.
  5. ↑ Hutton, James (1795). Theory of the Earth. 2. Edinburgh.
  6. ↑ Pearson, Paul N (2003). "In retrospect". Nature. doi:10.1038/425665a.
  7. ↑ Geikie, Archibald 1897. The founders of geology. London: Macmillan. p. 166.
  8. ↑ Playfair, John 1802. Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth. Edinburgh. Playfair added an important observation of his own: that glaciers can transport great quantities of rock.
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