The First Death

The First Death

Cover of Dimitris Lyacos' The First Death, First English Edition
Author	Dimitris Lyacos
Original title	Ο πρώτος θάνατος
Translator	Shorsha Sullivan
Cover artist	Fritz Unegg
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Series	Poena Damni
Genre	Poetry World Literature, Expressionism, Postmodernism
Publisher	Shoestring Press
Publication date	March 23, 2000 (first edition), October 26, 2017 (second revised edition)
Media type	Print (Paperback & Paperback)
Pages	37 pages (first edition), 58 pages (second edition)
ISBN	978-1-899549-42-9
OCLC	45991303
Preceded by	With the people from the bridge (2014)

Dimitris Lyacos's The First Death is the latest installment of the Poena Damni trilogy. The book tells the story of a marooned man on a desert island in a sequence of fourteen poem-sections, recounting his relentless struggle for survival as well as his physical and mental disintegration. The work alludes simultaneously to a modern Philoctetes, an inverted version of Crusoe as well as the myth of dismemberment of Dionysus. The dense and nightmarish imagery of the poem, replete with sensations of hallucination, delirium, synesthesia and putrefaction have drawn comparisons to Lautreamont, Trakl and Beckett.^[1][2] Despite being first in the publication history of the Poena Damni trilogy, The First Death is the latest installment of the narrative sequence.^[3]

Title

The title of the book refers to the contradistiction between first and second death in the Apocalypse of St. John the Divine, the first death referring to the natural end of life (death of the body) as opposed to the second death (annihilation, death of the soul).^[4] Insofar as the first death is not of a spiritual kind it is not considered as "real death",^[5] that is to say, annihilation. In such spiritual sense, the protagonist of the book subsists in a "hellish" kind of existence, presumably awaiting the occurrence of future redemption or definitive extinction.

Synopsis

The First Death recounts the ordeal of an unnamed protagonist stranded on a desert-like island.^[6] The book starts with a description of his mutilated body which grinds against the rocks. The poem expands on the theme of his continuing degradation, physical and mental, as even the mechanisms of memory are dislocated.^[7] Yet, the bond between person and body ensures life still persists, and, "at that point without substance/ where the world collides and takes off",^[8] the mechanical instincts of the cosmos rumble into action and sling this irreducible substance again into space - prompting, perhaps, a future regeneration.

Themes

The First Death, recounts the result of its protagonist's voyaging towards annihilation. His body and mind are on the verge of dissolution while fighting for continuance and survival. Portrayed as a victim of nature and presumably expelled by society, he is represented both as a castaway and an abortion, dying before he has ever achieved birth.^[9] The work describes his purgatorial-like torture, mapping a desert and rocky island as the locus of his suffering. His exclusion and solitude allude to Greek Tragedy, most importantly Philoctetes, while images of mutilation and dismemberment relate to ancient Greek sacrifices and rituals. The myth of the dismemberment of Dionysus by the Titans is also hinted at as the text resorts to the concept of sparagmos (Ancient Greek: σπαραγμός,^[10] from σπαράσσω sparasso, "tear, rend, pull to pieces"), an act of rending, tearing apart, or mangling,^[11] Other oblique classical references are equally embedded in the text, such as the presence of Orpheus, also suggested by images of dismemberment.^[12] In its role of epilogue of the Poena Damni trilogy the poem also witnesses the aftermath of the impending violence of the first volume, Z213: Exit.^[13]

Style

The original Greek employs an unconventional modern idiom, accommodating a variety of ancient Greek words and integrating them into the flow of the text. Contrary to the previous book of the trilogy, With the People from the Bridge, which makes use of predominantly bare, simple sentences in a theatrical context, The First Death is written in a dense, highly tropical style. Each poem-section unravels a multi-layered concatenation of images in order to illustrate the unremitting torment of the book's protagonist. Often, the weightiness of surreal abstraction^[14] lends a metaphysical atmosphere to the work, thus investing the ordeal undergone by the protagonist with a sublime-like quality^[15] as, he, in spite of the world, continues his struggle to the limits of his powers. The book brings to bear aspects of the Homeric clarity of description which are in their turn coupled with fierce and expressionistic depictions of a nightmarish setting. In its aligning disparate literary traditions in order to intensely depict the clash of the human subject in the midst of a hostile world, The First Death, is considered as one of the most violent works of Greek literature in modern times.^[16][17]

Publication history

The book was originally published in Greek in 1996 and has been translated in English, German, Spanish and Italian. The first English edition appeared in 2000 and went out of print in 2005. A second revised English edition was launched as an e-book in spring 2017 and subsequently appeared in print in the autumn of the same year ( ISBN 9781910323878).^[18] The new edition contains extended Translator's Notes explaining the Ancient Greek references of the original Greek text.^[19]

Further reading

• A 6000 words essay by Robert Zaller, analyzing Lyacos's trilogy in the Journal of Poetics Research:

http://poeticsresearch.com/article/a-column-of-cloud-and-a-column-of-fire-dimitris-lyacos-poena-damni-by-robert-zaller/

• A special feature on Dimitris Lyacos's trilogy on the Bitter Oleander Magazine^[20] including extensive excerpts and an interview with the author:

http://www.bitteroleander.com/editor.html

• John Taylor interviews Dimitris Lyacos. Gulf Coast (magazine), Issue 30.1, Winter/Spring 2018, Houston USA, (pp.277-286)^[21]
• Overview of the Poena Damni trilogy in Cleaver Magazine:

http://www.cleavermagazine.com/poena-damni-trilogy-by-dimitris-lyacos-reviewed-by-justin-goodman/

References