The Assault on Truth

The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory
Cover of the first edition
Author Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson
Country United States
Language English
Subjects Sigmund Freud
Freud's seduction theory
Publisher Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Publication date
 1984
Media type Print (Hardcover and Paperback)
Pages 308 (first edition)
343 (1998 Pocket books edition)
ISBN 978-0345452795

The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory is a book by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, in which the author argues that Sigmund Freud deliberately suppressed his early hypothesis, known as the seduction theory, that hysteria is caused by sexual abuse during infancy, because he refused to believe that children are the victims of sexual violence and abuse within their own families. Masson reached this conclusion while he had access to some of Freud's unpublished letters as projects director of the Sigmund Freud Archives. The Assault on Truth was first published in 1984, and several revised editions have since been published.

The book aroused massive publicity and controversy. It received many negative reviews, several of which rejected Masson's reading of psychoanalytic history, was condemned by reviewers within the psychoanalytic profession, and came to be seen as the latest in a series of attacks on psychoanalysis and an expression of a widespread "anti-Freudian mood". Its overall reception has been described as mixed. Some feminists endorsed Masson's conclusions and other commentators have seen merit in his book despite its failings. Masson has been criticized for maintaining without evidence that the seduction theory was correct, for his discussion of Freud's treatment of his patient Emma Eckstein, for suggesting that children are by nature innocent and asexual, and for taking part in a reaction against the sexual revolution. Masson has also been blamed for encouraging the recovered memory movement by implying that a collective effort to retrieve painful memories of incest was required, although he has rejected the accusation as unfounded.

Background

Formerly a Sanskrit professor, Masson retrained as a psychoanalyst, and in the 1970s found support within the psychoanalytic profession in the United States. His relationship with the psychoanalyst Kurt R. Eissler helped him become the projects director of the Freud Archives, where he was entrusted with publishing the authorized edition of the correspondence between Freud and Wilhelm Fliess. Masson aroused controversy after presenting his views about the origins of Freud's psychoanalytic theories in a paper delivered at a 1981 meeting of the Western New England Psychoanalytic Society. The New York Times printed two articles reporting Masson's views, as well as an interview with him. Eissler fired Masson, who retaliated with writs. The journalist Janet Malcolm published two long articles about the controversy in The New Yorker, which were later issued as a book, In the Freud Archives (1984).[1]

Summary

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Masson argues that Freud deliberately suppressed his early hypothesis, known as the seduction theory, that hysteria is caused by sexual abuse during infancy, because he refused to believe that children are abused within their own families.

Masson argues that the accepted account of Sigmund Freud's abandonment of his seduction theory is incorrect. According to Masson, Freud's female patients told him in 1895 and 1896 that they had been abused as children, but Freud later came to disbelieve their accounts. Masson argues that Freud was wrong to disbelieve his female patients and that the real reason Freud abandoned the seduction theory is that he could not accept that children are "the victims of sexual violence and abuse within their own families". Masson suggests that Freud's theories of "internal fantasy and of spontaneous childhood sexuality", which he developed after abandoning the seduction theory, allowed sexual violence to be attributed to the victim's imagination, and therefore posed no threat to the existing social order. Masson acknowledges the tentative nature of his reinterpretation of Freud's reasons for abandoning the seduction theory. Masson discusses Freud's 1896 essay "The Aetiology of Hysteria", which he provides in an appendix.[2]

Publication history

The Assault on Truth was first published in 1984, with revised editions following in 1985, 1992, 1998, and 2003.[3]

Reception

Overview

The Assault on Truth aroused massive publicity and controversy,[4] and became a best-seller.[5] The book received a mixed response because of the circumstances surrounding its publication, which included the growing public distrust of psychoanalysis since the 1960s, especially among feminists. It was condemned by psychoanalysts and their supporters,[6] but was endorsed by some feminists.[7]

Mainstream media

In 1984, The Assault on Truth received negative reviews from the historian Peter Gay in The Philadelphia Inquirer,[8] the psychoanalyst Anthony Storr in The New York Times Book Review,[9] Stephen A. Mitchell in Library Journal,[10] Herbert Wray in Psychology Today,[11] the psychoanalyst Charles Rycroft in The New York Review of Books,[12] the philosopher Arnold Davidson in the London Review of Books,[13] and the philosopher Frank Cioffi in The Times Literary Supplement,[14] and a positive review from the psychiatrist Judith Lewis Herman in The Nation.[15] The book was also reviewed by Paul Robinson in The New Republic,[16] Elaine Hoffman Baruch in The New Leader,[17] Michael Heffernan in New Statesman,[18] Thomas H. Thompson in North American Review,[19] and in Newsweek,[20] Ms.,[21] The Economist,[22] and Choice,[23] and was discused in Maclean's.[24] F. S. Schwarzbach reviewed the book in The Southern Review in 1985,[25] and the psychiatrist Bob Johnson reviewed it in New Scientist in 1996.[26]

Storr wrote that Freud was "far too proud, too used to isolation and too honest to discard a theory because it was unacceptable to the medical establishment" and that "Everything we know about his character makes Mr. Masson's accusation wildly unlikely." Storr added that while Masson hoped that his book would be a best-seller, "All that it and its author deserve is oblivion."[9] Mitchell wrote that while Masson provided fascinating excerpts from important documents relating to Freud that had previously been carefully guarded, Masson's conclusions were "characterized by a bitter tendentiousness, simplistic rhetoric, and a serious lack of comprehension of the subtleties of later psychoanalyic theorizing."[10]

Wray dismissed Masson's arguments as "a house of cards" and "speculative".[11] Rycroft maintained that because Masson chose to present his work as a polemical attack on Freud, it did not qualify as a contribution to the early history of psychoanalysis. He accused Masson of ignoring evidence contrary to his speculations about Freud's motives for abandoning the seduction theory, presenting only unconvincing evidence to support those speculations, and of being unable to "distinguish between facts, inferences, and speculations". Nevertheless, Rycroft granted that, despite Masson's questionable reasoning and use of evidence, he had discovered some information likely to permanently damage Freud's image. This included evidence suggesting that Freud was more familiar with the forensic literature on child abuse than his works suggested, which showed that Freud's "eventual incredulity about the stories his hysterical patients had told him cannot have derived from the sentimental idea that such things just don’t happen." It also included details about Freud and Fliess's bungled treatment of Emma Eckstein, and evidence that Freud’s repudiation of Ferenczi and his 1932 paper “Confusion of Tongues between Adults and the Child” "was provoked by Ferenczi’s having rediscovered the truth of the seduction theory that he had suppressed thirty-five years." Rycroft criticized Masson for wanting to re-establish the truth of the seduction theory without presenting evidence that it was actually correct, and concluded that his work was "distasteful, misguided, and at times silly."[12]

Masson replied to Rycroft's review, defending his work from Rycroft's criticisms and accusing Rycroft of various errors.[27]

Herman called The Assault on Truth "fascinating" and "a lavishly documented, carefully reasoned work, written in a straightforward, readable style, with only occasional polemical flourishes." However, she suggested that Masson's charge that Freud abandoned the seduction theory out of personal cowardice might be overly harsh, arguing that it overstated the role of Freud as an individual and ignored the general secrecy surrounding the issues of rape and incest. Herman wrote that while Masson did not definitively resolve the question of why Freud abandoned the seduction theory, he was "right and courageous" to reopen the issue. Herman credited Masson with demonstrating that once Freud abandoned the seduction theory, any further consideration of its possible validity became "a heresy" within psychoanalysis. She also praised Masson for documenting Freud's attempt to stop the psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi from publicizing his rediscovery of "the kind of clinical data on which the seduction theory was based". Herman criticized the press coverage that Masson's book had received, writing that the press had attempted to defend a "psychoanalytic establishment" that had been rendered "speechless" by it. According to Herman, reviews of The Assault on Truth had been almost uniformly negative. She accused critics of making ad hominem attacks on Masson or criticizing him by focusing on issues that were of secondary importance, and faulted Janet Malcolm for her unflattering characterizations of Masson in The New Yorker.[15]

The Newsweek review noted that the book had provoked a "storm of controversy".[20] In Maclean's, it was described as the latest in a series of attacks on psychoanalysis, and Masson was quoted saying, "I think that as a result of my findings, we should give up on psychoanalysis as a means of helping people."[24] The critic Harold Bloom, writing in The New York Times Book Review, described the book as "dubious".[28] Jenny Turner, in a 1991 review of Masson's Final Analysis (1990) in New Statesman and Society, dismissed The Assault on Truth, accusing Masson of spite, misreadings, and making inept arguments.[29] The critic Frederick Crews, writing in The New York Review of Books in 2004, called the book a melodramatic work in which Masson misrepresented "Freud's 'seduction' patients as self-aware incest victims rather than as the doubters that they remained".[30]

Scientific and academic journals

In 1984, The Assault on Truth received reviews from Kenneth Levin in the American Journal of Psychiatry,[31] Thelma Oliver in the Canadian Journal of Political Science,[32] the psychoanalyst Donald P. Spence in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,[33][34] Gary Alan Fine in Contemporary Sociology,[35] and D. A. Strickland in the American Political Science Review.[36] In 1985, The Assault on Truth was reviewed by Franz Samelson in Isis.[37] In 1986, the book received a negative review from Charles Hanly in The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis,[38] and was also reviewed by J. O. Wisdom in Philosophy of the Social Sciences.[39] In 1987, it received a positive review from Pierre-E. Lacocque in the American Journal of Psychotherapy,[40] and a negative review from Lawrence Birken in Theory & Society.[41] The book was discussed by Allen Esterson in History of the Human Sciences in 1998,[42] and again in History of Psychology in 2002.[43]

Hanly wrote that, "Despite the sound and fury with which it appeared", Masson's book had "come to signify, if not nothing, then very little indeed in the estimation of its reviewers". Hanly expressed agreement with the negative reviews that The Assault on Truth had already received, and criticized Masson's claim that Freud interpreted Emma Eckstein's bleeding followed a nasal operation as hysterical, arguing that it misrepresented what Freud wrote.[38]

Birken argued that Masson's attempt to revive the seduction theory was more important than his speculations about why Freud abandoned the theory. He maintained that Masson's repudiation of "the entire history of psychoanalysis since the abandonment of the seduction theory" meant that his book was "highly conservative", and that it had "won an important place in the growing literature of cultural conservatism that takes its stand against the emergence of mass culture based on consumption." According to Birken, by rejecting the Oedipus complex, Masson "repudiates the development of an autonomous sexual science", and by reviving the seduction theory he denies that children have any sexuality. Birken found that Masson's "unusually strong affection for the proto-sexologist Ambroise Tardieu" suggested a rejection of the conventional historiography of sexual science as well as "a conservative rejection of the contemporary consumer ethos." He suggested that Masson de-sexualized not only children, but also, by implication, women.[41]

Lacocque described Masson's work as "one of the most impressive books I have read in years", and called Masson's scholarship "impeccable and truly inspiring."[40] Esterson wrote that the evidence in The Assault on Truth does not support Masson's claims about how the medical community responded to Freud's seduction theory, and that other evidence and research, which Masson ignores, refutes Masson's claim that "Freud's early psychoanalytic writings received an irrationally hostile reception".[43]

Evaluations in books

The philosopher Adolf Grünbaum, writing in The Foundations of Psychoanalysis (1984), argued that regardless of the merits of Masson's accusation that Freud abandoned the seduction theory out of cowardice, Masson's position that "actual seductions" are the etiological factors in the development of hysteria is unfounded and credulous.[44] Gay called The Assault on Truth a "sensational polemic", and noted that he and other reviewers had rejected Masson's reading of psychoanalytic history.[8] The feminist lawyer Catharine MacKinnon found The Assault on Truth a revealing discussion of Freud.[45] Gay wrote in Freud: A Life for Our Time (1988) that Masson had confused discussion of Freud's seduction theory and that Masson's suggestion that Freud had abandoned the theory because he could not tolerate isolation from the Vienna medical establishment was preposterous.[46] The historian Roy Porter considered Masson's book "tendentious", but a necessary corrective to Ernest Jones's overly positive The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1953-1957).[47]

The philosopher Richard Wollheim wrote that The Assault on Truth was a "work that calls itself in doubt through its vehemence of tone", and that, "Chronology alone throws doubt on Masson's reconstruction of Freud's change of mind."[48] John Kerr considered The Assault on Truth "seriously flawed" but nevertheless "useful in getting the topic of childhood sexual abuse back on the psychoanalytic agenda."[49] Esterson wrote that while Masson charged Freud with a failure of nerve by asserting that his patients' reports of childhood seductions were mostly childhood fantasies, "the supposed factual basis on which the controversy was played out was suspect." Esterson credited Cioffi with being the only reviewer of The Assault on Truth to have raised this issue, by pointing out that it was questionable whether Freud's patients had indeed reported childhood seductions.[50] The critic Camille Paglia criticized feminists for their interest in Masson's work, deeming it an indication of an obsession with exposing the failings of great figures.[51]

Robinson wrote that The Assault on Truth was an indication of an "anti-Freudian mood" that was growing more aggressive in the 1980s, and of which Masson was the "foremost spokesman". He suggested that Masson interpreted Freud's work in terms of an exclusive preoccupation with the seduction theory, and wrote in "the charged language of moral indignation". Robinson accused Masson of maintaining without clear evidence that the seduction theory was correct, of largely ignoring the reasons Freud gave for abandoning the theory, and of failing to show that Freud did not consider those reasons persuasive. He noted that Masson's speculations about Freud's motives could never be conclusively disproved, but considered it implausible that Freud would surrender to peer pressure. He accused Masson of misleadingly editing Freud's letters with Fliess, and maintained that opposition to the seduction theory was based on rational skepticism rather than an inability to accept the existence of childhood sexual abuse, and that it was extremely unlikely that Freud would abandon the seduction theory out of cowardice only to then adopt the provocative theory of infantile sexuality. He was unconvinced by Masson's attempts to use evidence such as Freud's treatment of Emma Eckstein and a paper by Sándor Ferenczi to support his views. He argued that Masson favored a view of "human relations in which children are both innocent and inert", and suggested that Masson's work was part of a reaction against the sexual revolution, arguing that Masson dealt with sex with "joyless puritanism". He compared Masson's book to works such as Frank Sulloway's Freud, Biologist of the Mind (1979) and Marianne Krüll's Freud and His Father (1979).[52]

Richard Webster, writing in Why Freud Was Wrong (1995), compared The Assault on Truth to E. M. Thornton's The Freudian Fallacy (1983), finding both authors hostile towards Freud and psychoanalysis. However, he suggested that Masson nevertheless retained a partly positive view of Freud. Webster credited Masson with making some contributions to the history of psychoanalysis, but wrote that his central argument has not convinced either the psychoanalytic establishment or the majority of Freud's critics, as Masson accepted that Freud formulated the seduction theory on the basis of memories of childhood seduction provided by his patients, an account disputed by scholars such as Cioffi, Thornton, Han Israëls, and Morton Schatzman, who have argued that Freud's original account of his therapeutic methods suggests that this is not what occurred. According to Webster, Freud's seduction theory maintained that episodes of childhood seduction would have a pathological effect only if the victim had no conscious recollection of them, and the purpose of his therapeutic sessions was not to listen to freely offered recollections but to encourage his patients to discover or construct scenes of which they had no recollection. Webster blamed Masson for encouraging the spread of the recovered memory movement by implying that most or all serious cases of neurosis are caused by child sexual abuse, that orthodox psychoanalysts were collectively engaged in a massive denial of this fact, and that an equally massive collective effort to retrieve painful memories of incest was required.[53] Masson rejected Webster's suggestion that he encouraged the recovered memory movement, writing that he had no interest in memory retrieval in The Assault on Truth.[54]

Ritchie Robertson wrote that Masson overstated the case against Freud.[55] The psychologist Louis Breger considered Masson correct to question the accepted account of the abandonment of the seduction theory, but found Masson's speculations about why Freud abandoned the theory unconvincing. He accepted that Masson provided valuable information on the later life of Emma Eckstein.[56] Anthony Elliott argued that Masson seriously misrepresented Freud, and that his critique of Freud is flawed, since "Freud did not dispute his patients' accounts of actual seduction and sexual abuse", being concerned rather with the way in which "external events are suffused with fantasy and desire."[5]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Porter 1996, pp. 278–279.
  2. ↑ Masson 2003, pp. xv–xxi.
  3. ↑ Masson 2003, p. v.
  4. ↑ Webster 2005, p. 515.
  5. 1 2 Elliott 2002, p. 18.
  6. ↑ Porter 1996, p. 279.
  7. ↑ Webster 2005, p. 22.
  8. 1 2 Gay 1985, p. 117.
  9. 1 2 Storr 1984, p. 3.
  10. 1 2 Mitchell 1984, p. 379.
  11. 1 2 Wray 1984, p. 10.
  12. 1 2 Rycroft 1984, p. 3.
  13. ↑ Davidson 1984, pp. 9–11.
  14. ↑ Cioffi 1984, pp. 743–744.
  15. 1 2 Herman 1984, pp. 293–296.
  16. ↑ Robinson 1984, pp. 29–33.
  17. ↑ Baruch 1984, pp. 19–20.
  18. ↑ Heffernan 1984, p. 25.
  19. ↑ Thompson 1984, pp. 15–28.
  20. 1 2 Newsweek 1984, p. 86.
  21. ↑ Ms. 1984, p. 78.
  22. ↑ The Economist 1984, p. 85.
  23. ↑ Choice 1984, p. 1676.
  24. 1 2 Maclean's 1984, p. 46.
  25. ↑ Schwarzbach 1985, pp. 220–230.
  26. ↑ Johnson 1996, p. 48.
  27. ↑ Masson 1984, p. 51.
  28. ↑ Bloom 1984, p. 3.
  29. ↑ Porter 1996, pp. 279, 292.
  30. ↑ Crews 2004.
  31. ↑ Levin 1984, pp. 911–912.
  32. ↑ Oliver 1984, pp. 618–619.
  33. ↑ Robinson 1993, p. 186.
  34. ↑ Spence 1984, pp. 653–656.
  35. ↑ Fine 1984, p. 686.
  36. ↑ Strickland 1984, pp. 1192–1193.
  37. ↑ Samelson 1985, pp. 109–110.
  38. 1 2 Porter 1996, pp. 279–280, 291.
  39. ↑ Wisdom 1986, p. 135.
  40. 1 2 Lacocque 1987, pp. 144–145.
  41. 1 2 Birken 1987, pp. 309–312.
  42. ↑ Esterson 1998, pp. 1–21.
  43. 1 2 Esterson 2002, pp. 115–134.
  44. ↑ Grünbaum 1984, pp. 49–50.
  45. ↑ MacKinnon 1986, pp. xii–xiv.
  46. ↑ Gay 1995, p. 751.
  47. ↑ Porter 1989, p. 250.
  48. ↑ Wollheim 1990, pp. xxiii–xxiv.
  49. ↑ Kerr 2012, p. 583.
  50. ↑ Esterson 1993, p. 12.
  51. ↑ Paglia 1993, p. 265.
  52. ↑ Robinson 1993, pp. 100–175.
  53. ↑ Webster 2005, pp. 22–23, 201–202, 519.
  54. ↑ Masson 2003, pp. 320–321.
  55. ↑ Robertson 1999, p. x.
  56. ↑ Breger 2000, pp. 385–386.

Bibliography

Books

  • Breger, Louis (2000). Freud: Darkness in the Midst of Vision. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-31628-8.
  • Crews, Frederick; Keddie, Nikki R., Editor (1996). Debating Gender, Debating Sexuality. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-4655-1.
  • Elliott, Anthony (2002). Psychoanalytic Theory: An Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-91912-2.
  • Esterson, Allen (1993). Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8126-9231-4.
  • Gay, Peter (1995). Freud: A Life for Our Times. London: Papermac. ISBN 0-333-48638-2.
  • Gay, Peter (1985). Freud for Historians. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503586-0.
  • Grünbaum, Adolf (1984). The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05016-9.
  • Kerr, John (2012). A Dangerous Method. London: Atlantic Books. ISBN 9780857891785.
  • MacKinnon, Catharine; Masson, Jeffrey (1986). A Dark Science: Women, Sexuality and Psychiatry in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374135010.
  • Masson, Jeffrey (2003). The Assault on Truth: Freud’s Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-45279-8.
  • Paglia, Camille (1993). Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017209-2.
  • Porter, Roy (1989). A Social History of Madness: Stories of the Insane. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79571-6.
  • Porter, Roy; Keddie, Nikki R., Editor (1996). Debating Gender, Debating Sexuality. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-4655-1.
  • Robertson, Ritchie; Freud, Sigmund (1999). The Interpretation of Dreams. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-210049-1.
  • Robinson, Paul (1993). Freud and His Critics. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08029-7.
  • Webster, Richard (2005). Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford: The Orwell Press. ISBN 0-9515922-5-4.
  • Wollheim, Richard (1991). Freud. London: Fontana Press. ISBN 0-00-686223-3.
Journals

  • Baruch, Elaine Hoffman (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". The New Leader. 67 (April 30, 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Birken, Lawrence (1987). "The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory (Book)". Theory & Society. 16 (2).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Bloom, Harold (1984). "In the Freud Archives (Book Review)". The New York Times Book Review (May 27, 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Cioffi, Frank (1984). "The cradle of neurosis". The Times Literary Supplement (4240).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Crews, Frederick (2004). "The Trauma Trap". The New York Review of Books. 51 (4).
  • Davidson, Arnold (1984). "Assault on Freud". London Review of Books. 6 (12).
  • Esterson, Allen (1998). "Jeffrey Masson and Freud's seduction theory: A new fable based on old myths". History of the Human Sciences. 11 (1).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Esterson, Allen (2002). "The myth of Freud's ostracism by the medical community in 1896-1905: Jeffrey Masson's assault on the truth". History of Psychology. 5 (2).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Fine, Gary Alan (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". Contemporary Sociology. 13 (November 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Heffernan, Michael (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". New Statesman. 107 (June 22, 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Herman, Judith (1984). "The Analyst Analyzed". The Nation. 238 (9).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Johnson, Bob (1996). "Collected works". New Scientist. 150 (2027).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Lacocque, Pierre-E. (1987). "Assault on Truth". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 41 (1).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Levin, Kenneth (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (July 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Masson, Jeffrey (1984). "'Assault on Truth'". The New York Review of Books. 31 (13).
  • Mitchell, Stephen A. (1984). "The Assault on Truth (Book)". Library Journal. 109 (3).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Oliver, Thelma (1984). "The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 17 (3).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Robinson, Paul (1984). "Freud's Last Laugh". The New Republic. 190 (10).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Rycroft, Charles (1984). "A Case of Hysteria". The New York Review of Books. 31 (April 12, 1984).
  • Samelson, Franz (1985). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". Isis. 76 (March 1985). doi:10.1086/353768.  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Schwarzbach, F. S. (1985). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". The Southern Review. 21 (January 1985).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Spence, Donald P. (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 54 (October 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Storr, Anthony (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". The New York Times Book Review (February 12, 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Strickland, D. A. (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". American Political Science Review. 78 (December 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Thompson, Thomas H. (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". North American Review. 269 (December 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Wisdom, J. O. (1986). "Trauma or Intrapsychic Conflict?". Philosophy of the Social Sciences. 16 (1).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Wray, Herbert (1984). "The assault on truth (Book Review)". Psychology Today. 18 (April 1984).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • "The assault on truth (Book Review)". Choice. 21 (July/August 1984). 1984.  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • "Attacking the Freudians". Maclean's. 97 (6). 1984.  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • "How Freud betrayed women". Ms. 12 (9). 1984.  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • "Attack on Freud". Newsweek. 103 (6). 1984.  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • "The assault on truth (Book Review)". The Economist. 292 (July 14, 1984). 1984.  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
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