''tert''-Amyl methyl ether

tert-Amyl methyl ether[1][2]
Names
IUPAC name
2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane
Other names
Methoxypentane
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
Abbreviations TAME
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.012.374
Properties
C6H14O
Molar mass 102.18 g·mol−1
Appearance Clear, colorless liquid
Density 3.52 (vapor)
Melting point −80 °C (−112 °F; 193 K)
Boiling point 86.3 °C (187.3 °F; 359.4 K)
10.71 g/L at 20 °C
1.3896
Hazards
Flash point −11 °C (12 °F; 262 K)
430 °C (806 °F; 703 K)
Explosive limits Upper Explosive Limit = 7.1 % Lower Explosive Limit = 1.0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

tert-Amyl methyl ether (TAME) is an ether used as a fuel oxygenate. TAME derives from C5 distillation fractions of naphtha.[3] It has an ethereous odor.[1] Unlike most ethers, it does not require a stabilizer as it does not form peroxides on storage.[4]

Uses

TAME is mostly used as an oxygenate to gasoline. It is added for three reasons: to increase octane enhancement, to replace banned tetraethyl lead, and to raise the oxygen content in gasoline. It is known that TAME in fuel reduces exhaust emissions of some volatile organic compounds.[1]

TAME is also used as a solvent in organic synthesis as a more environmentally friendly alternative to some of the classic ether solvents.[3] It is characterized by a high boiling point (86 °C) and a low freezing point (−80 °C), allowing a wide range of reaction temperatures. TAME can be used as a safe reaction medium (e.g. condensation reactions, coupling reactions, such as Grignard reactions and Suzuki reactions, as well as metal hydride reductions) and as an extraction solvent to replace dichloromethane, aromatics, and other ethers.[5]

Toxicity

In an animal toxicology study, inhalation of high concentrations of TAME (4000 ppm) caused central nervous system depression, leading to death in most cases.[6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "tert-AMYL METHYL ETHER (1,1-DIMETHYLPROPYL METHYL ETHER)". chemicalland21.com. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
  2. ↑ National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (2001). "t-Amyl methyl ether (TAME)" (PDF). Full Public Reports. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
  3. 1 2 Prat, Denis; Wells, Andy; Hayler, John; Sneddon, Helen; McElroy, C. Robert; Abou-Shehada, Sarah; Dunn, Peter J. (2015-12-21). "CHEM21 selection guide of classical- and less classical-solvents". Green Chem. 18 (1): 288–296. doi:10.1039/c5gc01008j. ISSN 1463-9270.
  4. ↑ Diaz, Arthur F.; Drogos, Donna L. (2001-11-06). Oxygenates in Gasoline. ACS Symposium Series. 799. American Chemical Society. pp. 138–152. doi:10.1021/bk-2002-0799.ch010. ISBN 0841237603.
  5. ↑ Author. "INEOS Oligomers Products". www.ineos.com. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
  6. ↑ White, Russell D.; Daughtrey, Wayne C.; Wells, Mike S. (December 1995). "Health effects of inhaled tertiary amyl methyl ether and ethyl tertiary butyl ether". Toxicology Letters. 82-83: 719–724. doi:10.1016/0378-4274(95)03590-7. PMID 8597132.
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