Terrorism in Yugoslavia

This article includes information on terrorist acts and groups in or against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–45) and Federal Yugoslavia (1945–92). Many of the terrorist acts were carried out outside Yugoslavia against Yugoslav subjects.

The post-war period until circa 1985 was marked by frequent terrorist attacks on Yugoslav institutions organized by extremist emigrant organizations. In that period, 20 Yugoslav ambassadors and officials were killed abroad. 22 instances of terrorist groups entering Yugoslavia were recorded, 87 mine and bomb explosions, and 13 cases of arson (including also abroad, mainly in embassies and diaspora clubs). Also, 62 cases of armed and physical attacks on Yugoslav institutions and citizens in which there were no casualties were recorded. Four plane hijackings by Yugoslav emigrants. Perpetrators were predominantly Croat fascists (Ustashe). According to Yugoslav government data, between 1945 and September 1985 there were 657 anti-Yugoslav terrorist acts abroad carried out by 'enemy' emigre, in which 82 Yugoslavs (and three foreigners) were killed, and 186 Yugoslavs (and two foreigners) were wounded. In Yugoslavia, more than 40 terrorist acts were carried out, and 60 attempted, in which 30 were killed and 73 wounded. Notably, in Australia, where two Croat extremist organizations (HRB and HOP) were active, 33 anti-Yugoslav acts were carried out, while three were carried out in Yugoslavia.

Socialist Yugoslavia

Ustashe terrorism

Ustashe terrorism continued over the years after Ante Pavelić's death. The Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP) conducted several assassinations and attacks on Yugoslav diplomacy and JAT representations in Australia.[1] Croat fascist and HOS member Miljenko Hrkać carried out the bombing of a Belgrade cinema in September 1968, leaving one dead and 85 wounded.[2] In 1969, two Yugoslav diplomats in Western Germany were shot and wounded by Ustashe assassins.[2] In 1970, Yugoslav secretary Vladimir Rolović handed over information on Ustashe and their involvement in terrorist actions to the Australian government (which had tolerated and even trained the Ustashe).[3] The following year, two Ustashe youngsters murdered Rolović while he was the ambassador to Sweden.[3] In January 1972, a JAT plane was bombed by Ustashe agents.[3] The crackdown on the Croatian leadership led to heightened anti-Yugoslav activity by Croat emigrant groups. On 29 March 1972 a Yugoslav tourist office was bombed in Stockholm.[4] The last members of the Bugojno group were captured, tried and sentenced on 21 December 1972.

Events

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–41)

Federal Yugoslavia (1945–92)

  • Plot to assassinate Josip Broz Tito, 1967, by HRB.
  • Belgrade cinema bombing, 13 July 1968, at 21.05 CET, a bomb detonated in the Belgrade cinema "20. oktobar". One person was killed and 85 injured, some seriously. The bomb was placed under the sixth seat of the 16th row, during the movie Risifi u Panami, allegedly by HOP and HRB member Miljenko Hrkać.
  • JAT Flight 367, 26 January 1972, bomb exploded during flight, 27 out of 28 dead (Vesna Vulović survived), by Ustashe.
  • Bugojno group attacks, 20 June–24 July 1972, by HRB.
  • Hijacking of Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130, 15–16 September 1972, by HNO.
  • Hijacking of TWA Flight 355, September 10 1976, by Ustashe.
  • New York–Chicago plane hijack, 1979, Boeing 727 with 137 passengers hijacked by Serb emigrant and anti-communist (Chetnik) Nikola Kavaja. Arrested and sentenced to 20 years.

Groups

Notable people

References

  1. ↑ Johnstone 2002, p. 152.
  2. 1 2 Čubrić 1990, p. 13.
  3. 1 2 3 West 2012, p. 179.
  4. ↑ Central Intelligence Bulletin, Central Intelligence Agency. 30 March 1972.

Sources

  • Bieber, Florian (2003). "Approaches to political violence and terrorism in former Yugoslavia". Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans. 5 (1): 39–51.
  • Brown, Gregory Scott (2004). "Coping with long-distance nationalism: Inter-ethnic conflict in a diaspora context" (PDF).
  • Clissold, Stephen (1979). Croat Separatism: Nationalism, Dissidence, and Terrorism. Institute for the Study of Conflict.
  • Cvetković, Srđan (2014). "Terorizam i jugoslovenska politička emigracija". Istorija 20. veka. 2: 171–197.
  • Čubrić, Milan (1990). Između noža i križa. Književne novine.
  • Johnstone, Diana (2002). Fools' Crusade: Yugoslavia, Nato, and Western Delusions. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-58367-084-2.
  • Sadkovich, James J. (1988). "Terrorism in Croatia, 1929-1934". East European Quarterly. 22 (1): 55–.
  • West, Richard (2012). Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-28110-7.
  • Hockenos, Paul (2003). Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism & the Balkan Wars. Cornell University Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 0-8014-4158-7.
  • Smrt je njihov zanat. Politika. 1993.
  • Teroristi iz seste kolone. Borba. 1979.
  • http://www.kurir.rs/vesti/drustvo/7-najvecih-napada-terorista-u-istoriji-jugoslavije-clanak-1692566. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1132959. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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