Tell Tuneinir

Tell Tuneinir
A satellite image of Tell Tuneinir with the archaeological sites marked
Shown within Syria
Location Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria
Region Mesopotamia
Coordinates 36°25′18.6″N 40°51′59.5″E / 36.421833°N 40.866528°E / 36.421833; 40.866528Coordinates: 36°25′18.6″N 40°51′59.5″E / 36.421833°N 40.866528°E / 36.421833; 40.866528
Type Settlement
Area 40 hectares (99 acres).
History
Founded c. 2700 BC
Abandoned 1401 AD
Cultures Byzantine, Ayyubid
Site notes
Excavation dates 1977-1978, 1983-1984, 1986–2004
Archaeologists Michael Fuller, Neathery Fuller
Public access yes
Website https://users.stlcc.edu/mfuller/tuneinir/

Tell Tuneinir (also spelled Tunaynir or Touneynir) is an archaeological site in northeastern Syria. It dates to the early third millennium BC and shows signs of continuous habitation lasting until the beginning of the 15th century AD with epochs during the Byzantine empire, when it was known as the city of Thannuris (Thannourios), and during the Ayyubid period.

Site and history

Tell Tuneinir is situated on the eastern bank of the Khabur river, 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Al-Hasakah,[1] and have an area of 40 hectares (99 acres).[2] It consist of a central mound 18.2 metres (60 ft) high surrounded by a lower city.[3] The earliest occupation of the tell dates to the Ninevite V period c. 2700 BC.[2] Bronze Age artifacts found include different kinds of pottery, bone tools, animals figurines made of clay depicting sheep, goats, and horses, and two clay ; one have the shape of astragulus and the other the shape of a robe, thus they relate to animal products and textile manufacturing.[2] The site's role as an agricultural settlement is apparent by the existence of decorated sherds depicting animals grazing.[2] By 2000 BC, the region witnessed large scale of settlement abandonment and many sites were never reoccupied but Tell Tuneinir was not affected by the phenomenon; pottery and a cylinder seal discovered in the site demonstrated that the it remained inhabited throughout the second and first millennia BC.[4]

Roman period

When the Khabur turned into the frontier between the Roman Empire and its rival, the Parthian Empire, in the first century BC, Tell Tuneinir evolved from a small agricultural settlement into an important town.[4] The ala prima nova Diocletiana, an equites sagittarii indigenae ("indigenous horse archers") unit, was stationed in the region between Tell Tuneinir, now named Thannuris, and Horaba (modern Tell Ajaja).[5][6] According to the 6th-century historian Procopius, there existed two cities with the name Thannourios, and emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565– ) fortified one of them, converting it into a "truly formidable" fortress, to protect the region from Saracen raids.[7]

Islamic period

The advent of the Caliphate saw the Tell Tuneinir evolving into a small city.[4] In 1401, the armies of Timur destroyed the city.[2] In the Ottoman era, bedouins semi-nomads erected their tents alongside the Durin canal,[note 1] and Tell Tuneinir became a center for the taxation of those settlers; an Ottoman military building and tombs were found in the site.[9]

Society

In the late Middle Ages, the city's population consisted of Arabic-speaking Muslims and Syriac-speaking Christians;[10] the Syriacs show a cultural continuity throughout the Islamic era—from the Umayyad and Abbasid periods to the Ayyubid period—which is evident from the continuous use of the city's church between the 6th and 12th centuries.[1]

Excavations

In 1853, Austen Henry Layard explored the site in the frame of his general survey of the Khabur valley and two more surveys were conducted by Friedrich Sarre and Ernst Herzfeld in 1911 and by Antoine Poidebard in 1934 who provided maps of the sites.[11] In 1977-1978, the site was studied by Wolfgang Röllig and Hartmut Kühne then by Jean-Yves Monchambert in 1983 and 1984.[11] The Syrian plans to build Al-Basil dam on the Khabur threatened many archaeological sites;[2] at the request of the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, the St. Louis Community College formed a team headed by Michael and Neathery Fuller to evaluate the site in 1986.[12] Excavations began in 1987,[13] and the dam was completed in 1997 with further excavations depending on the rainfall.[2] The site was last excavated in 2004.[13]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Durin canal dates to the third millennium BC and runs alongside the eastern bank of the Khabur.[8]

References

Citations

Sources

  • Crowley, Jacqueline L.; Gorokhoff, Galina Ivanova; Lucore, Sandra, eds. (1986). Archaeological Fieldwork Opportunities Bulletin (6 ed.). Archaeological Institute of America. ISSN 1061-8961.
  • Hole, Frank; Smith, Ronald (2004). "Arid Land Agriculture in Northeastern Syria". In Gutman, Garik; Janetos, Anthony C.; Justice, Christopher O.; Moran, Emilio F.; Mustard, John F.; Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Skole, David; Turner II, Billy Lee; Cochrane, Mark A. Land Change Science: Observing, Monitoring and Understanding Trajectories of Change on the Earth's Surface. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-2562-4.
  • Qaddur, Mohammad; Fuller, Michael; Fuller, Neathery (1998). "تل تنينير". الموسوعة العربية (in Arabic). 6. هيئة الموسوعة العربية. OCLC 4771136723.
  • Kennedy, David; Riley, Derrick (2004) [1990]. Romes Desert Frontiers. From the Air. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-78269-6.
  • Dodgeon, Michael H; Lieu, Samuel N. C (2002) [1991]. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96113-9.
  • Dodgeon, Michael H; Lieu, Samuel N. C (1994) [1991]. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226–363: A Documentary History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10317-6.
  • Eger, A. Asa (2015). The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange Among Muslim and Christian Communities. Library of Middle East History. 34. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-780-76157-2.
  • Fuller, Michael; Fuller, Neathery (1988). "Tell Tuneinir on the Khabur: Preliminary Report on Three Seasons". Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes. Damas: Direction Générale des Antiquités et des Museés. 37-38. ISSN 0570-1554.
  • Fuller, Michael (1994). "Continuity and Change in the Syriac Population at Tell Tuneinir". ARAM Periodical. Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. Peeters Publishers. 6: Cultural Interchange during the Umayyad Era in Bilad al-Sham (1&2). ISBN 978-90-429-2943-2. ISSN 0959-4213.
  • Fuller, Michael; Fuller, Neathery (1998). "Archaeological Discoveries at Tell Tuneinir, Syria". Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. Assyrian Academic Society. 12 (2). ISSN 1055-6982.
  • Fuller, Michael (1996). "Artuqid, Zengid and Ayyubid coins from Tell Tuneinir, Syria". In Spengler, William F.; Wayne G., Sayles. Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and their Iconography. II: The Zengids. Clio's Cabinet. ISBN 978-1-879-08004-1.
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