Switching Kalman filter

The switching Kalman filtering (SKF) method is a variant of Kalman filter. In its generalised form, it is often attributed to Kevin P. Murphy,[1][2][3][4] but related switching state-space models have been in use.

Applications

Applications of the switching Kalman filter include: brain-computer interfaces and neural decoding, real-time decoding for continuous neural-prosthetic control.[5] It also has application in econometrics,[6] signal processing, tracking,[7] computer vision, etc. It is an alternative to the Kalman filter when the system's state has a discrete component. For example, when an industrial plant has "multiple discrete modes of behaviour, each of which having a linear (Gaussian) dynamics".[8]

Model

There are several variants of SKF discussed in.[1]

Special case

In the simpler case, switching state-space models are defined based on a switching variable which evolves independent of the hidden variable. The probabilistic model of such variant of SKF is as the following:[8]

[This section is badly written: It does not explain the notation used below.]

The hidden variables include not only the continuous , but also a discrete *switch* (or switching) variable . The dynamics of the switch variable are defined by the term . The probability model of and can depend on .

The switch variable can take its values from a set . This changes the joint distribution which is a separate multivariate Gaussian distribution in case of each value of .

General case

In more generalised variants,[1] the switch variable affects the dynamics of , e.g. through .[7][6] The filtering and smoothing procedure for general cases is discussed in.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 K. P. Murphy, "Switching Kalman Filters", Compaq Cambridge Research Lab Tech. Report 98-10, 1998
  2. ↑ K. Murphy. Switching Kalman filters. Technical report, U. C. Berkeley, 1998.
  3. ↑ K. Murphy. Dynamic Bayesian Networks: Representation, Inference and Learning. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Computer Science Division, 2002.
  4. ↑ Kalman Filtering and Neural Networks. Edited by Simon Haykin. ISBN 0-471-22154-6
  5. ↑ Wu, Wei, Michael J. Black, David Bryant Mumford, Yun Gao, Elie Bienenstock, and John P. Donoghue. 2004. Modelling and decoding motor cortical activity using a switching Kalman filter. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 51(6): 933-942. doi:10.1109/TBME.2004.826666
  6. 1 2 Kim, C.-J. (1994). Dynamic linear models with Markov-switching. J. Econometrics, 60:1–22.
  7. 1 2 Bar-Shalom, Y. and Li, X.-R. (1993). Estimation and Tracking. Artech House, Boston, MA.
  8. 1 2 Zoubin Ghahramani, Geoffrey E. Hinton. Variational Learning for Switching State-Space Models. Neural Computation, 12(4):963–996.
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