Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail

Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail
Born Susie Walking Bear
(1903-01-27)January 27, 1903
near Pryor, Montana
Died December 25, 1981(1981-12-25) (aged 78)
Wyola, Montana
Burial place Lodge Grass Cemetery, Big Horn County, Montana
Nationality American
Occupation nurse
Years active 1927-1979
Known for First Crow registered nurse in the U.S.

Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail (1903–1981) (Crow-Sioux) was the first Crow and one of the first Native Americans to graduate as a registered nurse in the United States. Working for the Indian Health Service, she brought modern health care to her people and traveled throughout the U.S. to assess care given to indigenous people for the Public Health Service. Yellowtail served on many national health organizations and received many honors for her work, including the President's Award for Outstanding Nursing Health Care in 1962 and being honored in 1978 as the "Grandmother of American Indian Nurses" by the American Indian Nurses Association. She was inducted into the Montana Hall of Fame in 1987 and in 2002 became the first Native American inductee of the American Nurses Association Hall of Fame.

Early life

Susie Walking Bear was born on January 27, 1903 on the Crow Indian Reservation near Pryor, Montana to native parents. Her mother, Kills the Enemy or Jane White Horse was Oglala Sioux and her father, Walking Bear, was Apsáalooke Crow.[1][2] Walking Bear's father died prior to her birth and her mother remarried Stone Breast. Raised by her mother and step father, she began school at the Catholic Mission in Pryor at age eight, but was orphaned when she was twelve and sent to the Indian Boarding School in Lodge Grass, Montana. In 1919, she accompanied a missionary, Francis Shaw, to Denver, for a Baptist convention, and though she had been promised she could return to the Crow school, she was sightseeing when her group returned to Montana. Shaw suggested that Walking Bear accompany her to Muskogee, Oklahoma and continue her schooling at Bacone Indian School. When Walking Bear completed her eighth grade studies, Shaw, then Mrs. Clifford Field, brought her to Northfield, Massachusetts[2] and paid the tuition for Walking Bear to attend Northfield Seminary. Walking Bear worked as a nanny and maid while attending school to be able to pay her own room and board.[3]

The arduous schedule, cultural intolerance by the school administration which insisted she use the surname of "Bear", and suspicion of her employers was difficult for Walking Bear. In 1923, she applied to work at the Tall Pines Girl's Camp in Bennington, New Hampshire, planning on leaving Northfield permanently.[4] She was accepted at the Franklin County Public Hospital in Greenfield, Massachusetts in 1924 to study nursing with Dr. Halbert G. Stetson and completed her internship at Boston General Hospital.[5][6] Graduating in 1927, Walking Bear became the first registered nurse of Crow descent[7] and one of the first Native American nurses graduated in the United States,[8] though Elizabeth Sadoques Mason a full-blooded Abenaki and her sister Maude, obtained registration in New York State before Yellowtail. Elizabeth obtained her RN certificate in 1919, while Maude became a nurse probably in 1914.[9] and Nancy Cornelius (later Skenandore) of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin graduated from the Hartford Training School for Nurses in 1890.[10]

Career

Graduating in September 1927,[5] she returned briefly to the Public Hospital in Greenfield[7] before taking a position in a private nursing facility in Oklahoma. Later she did home health nursing among the Chippewa of Minnesota, before returning to the Crow reservation. In 1929, Walking Bear married Thomas Yellowtail, who would become a spiritual leader in their tribe.[1] Her first assignment in Montana was at the Indian Health Service's Hospital at the Crow Agency.[3] For two years, she worked on the reservation to modernize the health services offered to her tribe and fight the forced sterilization of Native American women.[11]

Between 1930 and 1960, Yellowtail served as a consultant, traveling throughout the country and documenting problems in the Indian Health Service (IHS), like inadequate numbers of facilities,[12] inability of non-native nurses to speak with their patients from a culturally sensitive perspective or in their native language,[13] unsanitary living conditions, barriers to help from traditional healers,[3] health care only being available from IHS to Indians living on reservations[14] and many other concerns.[3] Bureaucrats in Washington were aware of the failures of the IHS and from the early 1940s relied on Yellowtail's assessments of both the needs and challenges of the system.[15] She served on an advisory committee for the Division of Indian Health (DIH) to assist sanitation engineers in relaying to tribal members the importance of hygiene and sanitation in combating disease. DIH projects provided water supply, sewage disposal and garbage disposal for homes and it was the committee member's job to interface with homeowners and explain the importance of maintaining the systems as well as the benefits of them.[16]

During this time, Yellowtail was also active with several cultural events. She was a dancer in a troupe, the Crow Indian Ceremonial Dancers, led by Donald Deernose. Other members, besides Yellowtail and her husband and Deernose and his wife Agnes, were Lloyd Littlehawk, Henry and Stella Old Coyote, Henry Rides the Horse, and Fred Two Warriors. The group began a European tour in 1953, performing in Algeria, Denmark, England, Holland, Israel, Luxembourg, Morocco, and Turkey.[17] Yellowtail and the other dancers toured in Belgium, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Spain and Sweden and spent an entire month in Paris performing to sold-out houses in 1954.[18] Returning from the tour in 1955, the troupe performed at a benefit of the Montana Institute of the Arts for the Montana Historical Society.[17] Yellowtail also served as the official chaperone for Miss Indian America from its inception into the 1970s.[19]

Yellowtail was awarded the President’s Award for Outstanding Nursing by President John F. Kennedy in 1962.[20] In 1965, she was named Mrs. American Indian at the American Indian Youth Conference held in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[21] In 1968, she was appointed to serve a four-year term on the Public Health Service's Advisory Committee on Indian Health.[22] In 1970, she was one of five featured speakers in a Health, Education and Welfare documentary concerning the services provided to indigenous communities by the Indian Health Service.[23] That same year, at the All-American Indian Days festival in Sheridan, Wyoming, Yellowtail and her husband were honored as the "Outstanding Indian of the Year" for their leadership and public services to the Native American Community.[24]

In 1972, Yellowtail was reappointed by Governor Forrest H. Anderson to serve on the State Advisory Council for Vocational Education.[25] She stressed the need for native education so that Indians could compete for jobs. She also voiced concern that native people needed to train for service sector jobs, like lawyers, doctors, nurses, and teachers so that children and adults had access to help from people who understood their culture. Yellowtail also served on the National Alcohol and Drug Abuse Committee[14] and was appointed by President Richard Nixon to serve on the Council on Indian Health, Education and Welfare and the federal Indian Health Advisory Committee. She founded the first professional association of Native American nurses[26] and in 1978, was honored by the American Indian Nurses Association as the "Grandmother of American Indian Nurses".[27][8]

Yellowtail died on Christmas Day, 1981[28] at her home in Wyola, Montana.[27] Posthumously, she was inducted in 1987 into the Montana Hall of Fame and in 2002 to the American Nurses Association Hall of Fame as the first Native American inductee.[29]

References

Citations

Bibliography

  • Askins, Kathryn A. (May 2009). Bridging Cultures: American Indian Students at the Northfield Mount Hermon School (Ph.D.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of New Hampshire, ProQuest. ISBN 978-1-109-23339-1.
  • Birt, Margaret (December 16, 1965). "Crow Nurse Honored". Greenfield, Massachusetts: Greenfield Recorder Gazette. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • Ferguson, Laura K. (May 6, 2014). "Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail: "Our Bright Morning Star"". Montana Women's History. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  • Hanink, Elizabeth (2016). "Nancy Skenandore, Native American Role Model". Los Angeles, California: Working Nurse. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  • Jennings, Julianne (May 13, 2012). "In Celebration of National Nursing Week: The First Women of Healing". New York, New York: Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  • Murdo, Pat (March 10, 1976). "Conference Studies Education for Indians". Helena, Montana: The Independent Record. Retrieved 1 August 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • Sonneborn, Liz (2014). A to Z of American Indian Women. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0788-2.
  • Walters, Dave (1987). "Susie Yellowtail (1903-1981)" (PDF). MHS Montana government. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  • Weinstein, Sharon; Brooks, Ann Marie T. (2007). Nursing Without Borders: Values, Wisdom, Success Markers. Indianapolis, Indiana: Sigma Theta Tau. ISBN 978-1-930538-70-2.
  • Wilson, W. Dean (August 13, 1970). "Indian Powwow News". Window Rock, Arizona: Navajo Times. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • Yellowtail, Thomas; Fitzgerald, Michael Oren (1994). Yellowtail, Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance Chief: An Autobiography. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2602-9.
  • "Ceremonial Dancers Are Headed by Donald Deernose". Helena, Montana: The Independent Record. February 27, 1955. Retrieved 1 August 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • "Crow Dancers Centennial Stars?". Billings, Montana: The Billings Gazette. April 22, 1962. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • "Dr. Halbert G. Stetson Honored by Friends of Franklin County Hospital (pt 1)". Greenfield, Massachusetts: Greenfield Daily Recorder Gazette. May 20, 1933. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com. and "Dr. Halbert G. Stetson Honored by Friends of Franklin County Hospital (pt 2)". Greenfield, Massachusetts: Greenfield Daily Recorder Gazette. May 20, 1933. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • "Indian Woman Fights for Health, Equality". Greenfield, Massachusetts: The Greenfield Recorder. July 18, 1970. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • "Indian Sanitation Drive Pushed". Billings, Montana: The Billings Gazette. February 2, 1964. Retrieved 1 August 2016 via Newspaperarchive.com.
  • "Montana Indian woman named to national group". Butte, Montana: The Montana Standard. December 21, 1968. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspapers.com.
  • "Native Nurses" (PDF). The New Mexico Nurse. Santa Fe, New Mexico: New Mexico Nurses Association. 61 (3): 7. July–September 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  • "Navajo Tribal Fair Winners Announced". Albuquerque, New Mexico: The Albuquerque Journal. September 4, 1969. Retrieved 1 August 2016 via Newspapers.com.
  • "Show Scheduled on Indian Health". Albuquerque, New Mexico: The Albuquerque Journal. November 8, 1970. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspapers.com.
  • "Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail (1903-1981) 2002 Inductee". Nursing World. Silver Spring, Maryland: American Nurses Association. 2002. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  • "There Is a Need for Indian Nurses". Clovis, New Mexico: The Clovis News-Journal. April 24, 1977. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspapers.com.
  • "(Untitled)". Brooklyn, New York: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 24, 1927. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspapers.com.
  • "(Untitled)". Kalispell, Montana: The Daily Inter Lake. May 24, 1972. Retrieved 31 July 2016 via Newspapers.com.
  • "Who Really Was the First American Indian RN?". Minority Nurse. New York, New York: Springer Publishing Company. March 30, 2013. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
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