Ali Sulayman al-Assad
Ali Sulayman al-Assad (Arabic: علي سليمان الأسد) (1875 – 1963), born Ali Sulayman al-Wahhish Arabic: علي سليمان الوحش), was a leader of the Alawites in Latakia. He was the father of former Syrian President Hafez al-Assad,[1][2] and grandfather of current Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
Personal life
Ali Sulayman al-Assad was the son of Sulayman al-Wahhish. The al-Assad family lived in Qardaha, an Alawite town in Latakia, in the northern Syrian mountains.[3] They are members of the Kalbiyya tribe.[4][5][6]
Ali was known for protecting the weak, and in the 1920s had assisted refugees fleeing the former Aleppo province when France gave parts of it to Turkey. He was one of the few literate Alawites, and the only man in his village to subscribe to a newspaper.[7] For his accomplishments, Ali was called al-Assad ("the lion" in Arabic) by his fellow Alawites[1] and made the nickname his surname in 1927.[2]
Ali married twice and over three decades had eleven children. His first wife Sa'ada was from the district of Haffeh. They had three sons and two daughters. His second wife was Na'isa, twenty years younger than him. She was the daughter of Uthman Abbud from the village of Qutilba, about 12 kilometres further up the mountain. They had a daughter and five sons. Hafez was born on 6 October 1930 and was the fourth child.[8]
Political influence
Ali Sulayman al-Assad was one of the signatories of a letter addressed to French Prime Minister Léon Blum on June 15, 1936, which implored the French not to abandon Syria,[9] stating:
| “ | On the occasion of the ongoing negotiations between France and Syria, it is an honor for us, we the Alawites leaders in Syria, to draw your attention and your party’s attention to the following points:
1. The Alawite people who have kept their independency year after year, with jealousy and large sacrifices from their souls. They are people of different religious beliefs, traditions, and history than the Sunni Muslim people, never subjected to the rule of the interior cities. 2. The Alawite people refuse to be attached to the Muslim Syria, because Islam is considered the country’s official religion. In the Islamic religion, the Alawite people are considered infidels. So we draw your attention to what awaits the Alawites of a scary and horrible fate, if they are forced to be a part of Syria when the Mandate ends, and when laws derived from religion will be in a position to be applied. 3. Granting Syria’s independence and abolishing the Mandate would be a strong example of socialist principles in Syria, but that absolute independency means control of some Muslim families over the Alawite people in Cilicia, Iskenderun [in 1939 Iskenderum detached from Syria and became a part of Turkey] and the mountains of Nusayrih. The presence of a parliament and a constitutional government do not create individual freedom. Parliamentary rule is fake; it has no value. Under its skin, in fact, there hides a system dominated by intolerance of religious minorities. Do the French leaders want to empower Muslims against the Alawite people to throw them [the Alawites] into the arms of misery? 4. The spirit of hatred and fanaticism embedded in the hearts of the Arab Muslims against everything that is non-Muslim has been perpetually nurtured by the Islamic religion. There is no hope that the situation will ever change. Therefore, the abolition of the mandate will expose the minorities in Syria to the dangers of death and annihilation, irrespective of the fact that such abolition will annihilate the freedom of thought and belief. Here we see today how the Muslim citizens of Damascus forced the Jews living among them to sign a document pledging not to send food to their fellow, ill-fated Jews in Palestine. The Jewish situation in Palestine is clear, tangible evidence of the importance of the religious issue to Arab Muslims toward all who do not belong to Islam. Those good Jews who came to Arab Muslims with peace and civilization, and spread on the land of Palestine gold and positive well-being, have [left] no sign of harm on anyone and did not take anything by force. However, Muslims have declared a ‘Holy War’ against them, and did not hesitate to slaughter their children and wives, despite the French and English presence in Palestine and Syria. Therefore, a black fate awaits Jews and other minorities if the Mandate is cancelled, and the unification of Syrian Muslims with Palestinian ones. This unification is the supreme goal of Arabic Muslims. 5. We appreciate the noble feeling you carry in your defense of the Syrian people, as well as the desire to achieve independence. But, at this time, Syria is still far from the noble goal for which it aims, as it is still subject to a feudal, religious spirit. We do not think that the French government and the French Socialist Party would accept granting Syrian independence, which in application would mean enslaving the Alawite people and exposing minorities to the risk of death and annihilation. The Syrian request to include the Alawite people in Syria is impossible for you to accept, or agree upon, because of your noble principles, if they supported freedom of thought. [Your noble principles] would not agree with stifling the freedom of other people in order to force them to join. 6. You might see that it is possible to secure the rights of the Alawite minority with provisions of a treaty, but we assure you that treaties have no value in the Islamic mentality in Syria. As such, we saw this previously in the treaty between England and Iraq, which prevented Iraqis from massacring the Assyrians and the Yazidis. So, the Alawite people, whom we represent, are gathered as signatories to this memorandum. They are crying out and asking the French government and the French Socialist Party to ensure their rights and independence within their small sphere, and putting this between the hands of the French and Socialist leaders. [The Alawites] are loyal friends who have given great services to the French, threatened by death and annihilation. |
” |
| — Aziz Agha Alhoash, Mahmoud Agha Jedeed, Mohammad Baek Junaid, Sulayman Assad, Suleiman Murshid and Mohammad Suleiman Al-Ahmad, [10][11][12][13][14] | ||
The letter praises the Jews in Palestine and includes them among the groups that are persecuted by the Muslims. It is possible that this aspect of the letter was not sincere but was intended to curry favor with Léon Blum, the French Prime Minister to whom it was addressed, who was a Jew. Early Alawite religious texts like the Kitab al-Usus do not speak favorably of Judaism.[15]
On August 31, 2012, the permanent representative of France to the United Nations Gérard Araud mentioned the letter in response to the Syrian diplomat Bashar Jaafari.[16]
See also
References
- 1 2 Zahler 2009, p. 25.
- 1 2 Alianak 2007, p. 128.
- ↑ Reich 1990, p. 52.
- ↑ Bengio 1998, p. 135.
- ↑ Jessup 1998, p. 41.
- ↑ Alianak 2007, pp. 127–128.
- ↑ The Merchant of Syria: A History of Survival, Diana Darke, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 137
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 5.
- ↑ Seale 1990, p. 20.
- ↑ "Suleiman Assad's 1926 memo denounces Sunni 'hatred, intolerance'". Syria:direct. 28 November 2013.
- ↑ ROBERT F. WORTH (19 June 2013). "The Price of Loyalty in Syria". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- ↑ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CPiJDERWsAEyd1O.jpg
- ↑ http://syriadirect.org/news/suleiman-assads-1926-memo-denounces-sunni-hatred-intolerance/
- ↑ http://www.lebanese-forces.com/2012/09/01/236302/
- ↑ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (Fall 2012). "Looking at Alawites". The Levantine Review. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
- ↑ "وثيقة تكشف عمالة جد الأسد : طلب ابقاء الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا .. شاهد صور ونص الوثيقة". alwatanvoice.com (in Arabic). 1 September 2012.
Bibliography
- Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520069763.
- Alianak, Sonia (2007). Middle Eastern Leaders and Islam: A Precarious Equilibrium. Peter Lang. ISBN 9780820469249.
- Zahler, Kathy A. (2009). The Assads' Syria. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 9780822590958.