Steven Novella

Steven Novella
Born Steven Paul Novella
(1964-07-29) July 29, 1964
Residence Hamden, Connecticut
Nationality American
Alma mater Georgetown University
Known for
Spouse(s) Jocelyn Novella
Children Julia Novella
Autumn Novella
Scientific career
Influences

Carl Sagan, Paul Kurtz

Medical career
Profession Neurology
Field Clinical neurology
Institutions Yale University School of Medicine
Specialism Botulinum Program, ALS/Myasthenia Gravis and Neuromuscular Disorders, General Neurology, Neurophysiology
Research ALS, myasthenia gravis, neuropathy, and erythromelalgia
Website
http://theness.com/neurologicablog

https://www.theskepticsguide.org

Steven Paul Novella (born July 29, 1964) is an American clinical neurologist and assistant professor at Yale University School of Medicine.[1] Novella is best known for his involvement in the skeptical movement.

Professional background

Novella's academic specialization is in neurology, including more specifically, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis and neuromuscular disorders, neurophysiology, and the treatment of hyperactive neurological disorders.[1][2]

Novella received his medical degree from Georgetown University School of Medicine in 1991, did a year of residency in internal medicine at Georgetown University Hospital/Washington Hospital Center, completed his residency in neurology at Yale–New Haven Hospital in 1995,[3] and was board certified in neurology in 1998.[4]

Growing up, Novella did not always want to be a physician. In an interview for the Books and Ideas podcast he said,

I think I entertained various career ideas. When I was growing up I thought about being a lawyer for a while and then by the time I went to college, I knew I wanted to go into a science background and I did premed in undergraduate school. So certainly by then I had decided that that’s probably what I wanted to do. So I would probably say in my late teens is when I really decided to go into medicine.[5]

Skepticism and critical thinking

Novella is a proponent of scientific skepticism, which he defines as:

... one who prefers beliefs and conclusions that are reliable and valid to ones that are comforting or convenient, and therefore rigorously and openly applies the methods of science and reason to all empirical claims, especially their own. A skeptic provisionally proportions acceptance of any claim to valid logic and a fair and thorough assessment of available evidence, and studies the pitfalls of human reason and the mechanisms of deception so as to avoid being deceived by others or themselves. Skepticism values method over any particular conclusion.[6]

In response to an editorial in The New York Times in which Paul Davies concluded "until science comes up with a testable theory of the laws of the universe, its claim to be free of faith is manifestly bogus,"[7] Novella said,

It's not actually true because science is not dependent upon faith in a naturalistic world. It just follows the methods as if it is naturalistic... it is not a system of beliefs. People often ask me and they will ask you as skeptics what do you believe? Well, it's not about belief. Do you believe in ESP? It doesn't matter if I believe in ESP. The only thing that matters is what is the evidence for ESP? ...It's very important I think to present skepticism as a method of inquiry not a set of conclusions, not a set of beliefs.[8]

In 1996 Novella, his brother Bob, and Perry DeAngelis founded The Connecticut Skeptical Society.

As Evan Bernstein tells it, "One night sometime in late 1995, Perry was over [at] Steve's condo, casually flipping through a copy of SI (Skeptical Inquirer). He was reading through the list of local groups, and commented to Steve: 'There's no local skeptics group in Connecticut. We should start one.'"[9]

The group later joined with the Skeptical Inquirers of New England (SINE) and the New Hampshire Skeptical Resource to form the New England Skeptical Society (NESS). Novella currently serves as president of the NESS.[10]

"There is no skepticism without science and the scientific method. It's about how we know what we know."

—Steven Novella[11]

Paranormal investigations

In the early days of the New England Skeptical Society, Novella participated in investigations of various paranormal claims. Sometimes these were part of the screening process for the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge offered by the James Randi Educational Foundation. Novella investigated such claims as Ouija boards (when the couple claiming they could operate one were properly blindfolded, their powers vanished), the ability to control the flipping of a coin (the claimant turned out to be making some common logical errors in thinking), a mind reader who got zero out of 20 correct, and many dowsers (typically found to be experiencing the Ideomotor phenomenon). Novella and the NESS also examined some phenomena described by people who were not competing for the One Million Dollar prize, such as haunted houses, the ability to communicate with the dead, and recording the voices of ghosts, known as electronic voice phenomenon, or EVP.[12]

The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe

In May 2005, Novella started The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe (SGU) podcast with his friends Perry DeAngelis and Evan Bernstein, and his brothers Bob and Jay. DeAngelis remained with the show until his death in August, 2007. In July 2006, Rebecca Watson joined the podcast as a regular, staying through December, 2014. Cara Santa Maria joined the cast in July, 2015.

Novella both hosts the show and does the editing and post-production. In an interview for the Books and Ideas podcast he said,

I am ultimately responsible for the content and prepping it and I do all the post production which I know, as you know is a lot of work. So you know, it's a good 20, 30 hours a week that I put into putting out this podcast, it is almost like having a second job. And, you know, it’s a labor of love.[5]

When asked about the purpose of the podcast Novella said,

We deal primarily with controversial topics or topics on the fringe of science, although sometimes we do just straight up really interesting science news stories, whatever captures our interest. But we deal with the paranormal or conspiracy theories, or health fraud, consumer protection type of issues. And our goal is to give our listeners the tools to look at science in the news, science in society and have some way of navigating through all of the claims and all of the hype and basically have the tools to figure things out for themselves more than anything else.[5]

Internet

In 2007, Novella started a blog, Neurologica, "your daily fix of neuroscience, skepticism and critical thinking",[13] for which he writes three articles per week on a wide range of subjects generally related to science or skepticism. He is the executive editor of the blog Science-Based Medicine[14] for which he is also a regular contributor, and he is a medical advisor to Quackwatch.[15]

In 2008, Novella was one of the first 200 to sign the Project Steve petition,[16] a tongue-in-cheek parody of the list of "scientists that doubt evolution" produced by creationists.

E-books

Novella is the editor of a series of e-books composed of articles collected from the Science-Based Medicine blog.[17] Each book focuses mainly on one topic such as critical thinking, herbs, supplements and nutrition, chiropractic, vaccines, homeopathy, etc.

Print

Novella is an associate editor of the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine,[18] and writes the monthly Weird Science column for the New Haven Advocate newspaper. Novella is also author to several Dungeons and Dragons campaign and expansion packs.[19][20][21]

Television

Novella has appeared on several television programs, including Penn & Teller: Bullshit! s03e10: "Ghostbusters.", The Dr. Oz Show,[22] and Inside Edition.[23]

In 2008, he filmed a pilot for a television series called The Skeptologists[24] along with Brian Dunning, Yau-Man Chan, Mark Edward, Michael Shermer, Phil Plait, and Kirsten Sanford. The series has not been picked up by any network.

The Dr. Oz Show appearance

Novella appeared on The Dr. Oz Show segment, "Controversial Medicine: Why your doctor is afraid of alternative health", where he was introduced as "an outspoken critic of alternative medicine." Novella noted that the term "alternative" creates a double-standard. "There should be one science-based common-sense standard to figure out what therapies work and are safe." Novella made the point that herbs are medicinals and have been used that way for thousands of years, but the problem is in re-branding them as alternative, marketing them as natural, and therefore arguing that they don't need evidence that they are safe and effective. "At the end of the day, the public was sold products that the evidence shows doesn't work."

On the subject of acupuncture, Novella stated, "I've spent a lot of time reviewing the acupuncture literature ... and the evidence overwhelmingly shows that acupuncture, in fact, doesn't work." In response to Dr. Oz's complaint that Novella is dismissive of an idea that the "way we think [about acupuncture] in the west is that it can't be possible effective." Novella replied, "I didn't say it couldn't possibly work, I said when you look at it, it doesn't work."[22]

JREF fellows. Tim Farley, Karen Stollznow, Steven Novella and Ray Hall. Portrait taken at The Amaz!ng Meeting, TAM 9 from Outer Space, July 16, 2011
On Kylie Sturgess's podcast panel during Skeptrack at Dragon Con

Alpha Quadrant Six

In late 2017, Novella and his brothers began producing a science-fiction review show, Alpha Quadrant Six, which is archived on Facebook and YouTube. In the initial installments, the first season of the CBS All Access TV series Star Trek: Discovery was reviewed each week by live streaming the review show over FaceBook immediately following each original episode's release.[25][26]

Autonomous sensory meridian response

Novella was the first scientist to publish and publicize an opinion and reflective evaluation of the phenomenon known as Autonomous sensory meridian response,[27][28] a low grade euphoria characterized by 'a combination of positive feelings, relaxation, and a distinct static-like tingling sensation on the skin', which typically begins 'on the scalp' before moving 'down the spine' to the base of the neck, sometimes spreading 'to the back, arms and legs as intensity increases', most commonly triggered by specific acoustic and visual stimuli including the content of some digital videos, and less commonly by intentional attentional control.[29][30]

In a post on his blog Neurologica, Novella says that he always starts his investigations of such phenomena by asking whether or not 'it is real'. Regarding ASMR, Novella says 'in this case, I don't think there is a definitive answer, but I am inclined to believe that it is. There are a number of people who seem to have independently experienced and described' it with 'fairly specific details. In this way'…ASMR is similar to migraine headaches - we know they exist as a syndrome primarily because many different people report the same constellation of symptoms and natural history.' Novella tentatively posits the possibilities that ASMR might be either a type of pleasurable seizure, or another way to activate the 'pleasure response'. However, Novella draws attention to the lack of scientific investigation into ASMR, suggesting that functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation technologies should be used to study the brains of people who experience ASMR in comparison to people who do not, as a way of beginning to seek scientific understanding and explanation of the phenomenon.[28][31]

Other work

Novella has created two courses for The Great Courses, "Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths: What We Think We Know May Be Hurting Us"[32] and "Your Deceptive Mind: A Scientific Guide to Critical Thinking Skills".[33]

In 2009, Novella was the board chairman when the Institute for Science in Medicine was founded.[34]

In January 2010, Novella was elected as a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[35]

In 2011, Novella was appointed Senior Fellow of the James Randi Educational Foundation, and Director of their Science-Based medicine project.[36]

Tobinick lawsuit

On June 9, 2014, Edward Tobinick filed a civil action in Florida Southern District Court naming Novella, Yale University, Society for Science-Based Medicine, Inc. and SGU Productions, LLC as defendants.[37] The main allegations of the action are that "in violation of the Lanham Act, Novella has and continues to publish a false advertisement disparaging Plaintiffs entitled 'Enbrel for Stroke and Alzheimer's', ('the 'Advertisement') and implying that the INR plaintiffs' use of etanercept is ineffective and useless;" and "The Advertisement is extremely inflammatory and defamatory in nature as it contains multiple false and misleading statements of fact regarding Plaintiffs." "The Advertisement" referred to in the action is an entry for the Science-Based Medicine blog that Novella wrote and posted on May 8, 2013.[38]

On July 14, 2014, Novella's attorney, Marc Randazza, filed an "Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Temporary and Preliminary Injunctive Relief."[39] The filing states that Tobinick is "highly unlikely to prevail in this matter . . . as Defendant's statements range from provably true to opinion," that a preliminary injunction "would impose an unlawful prior restraint of speech," and that "an injunction would result in far more harm to Defendants and the public than Plaintiffs' claimed injury." Novella posted a response to the lawsuit on Science-Based Medicine in which he said, "In my opinion he [Tobinick] is using legal thuggery in an attempt to intimidate me and silence my free speech because he finds its content inconvenient".[40]

United States District Judge Robin Rosenberg ordered the case closed on September 30, 2015, and found in judgement for Novella. Tobinick was unable to show that Novella had profited from his blog post or that it was in any way an advertisement. "... It is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that defendant Dr. Steven Novella ... is GRANTED. All pending motions are DENIED AS MOOT, all deadlines are TERMINATED, and the Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE THE CASE.[41] In 2017, a final appeal affirmed the district court's opinion.[42]

Adventure and role-playing games

Novella, along with some friends, owned a local live action role-playing (LARP) game for about 5 years. It was during this time that they wrote seven d20 books.[43]

Novella has coauthored several adventure gaming books including Twin Crowns,[20] a naval and travel expansion for Dungeons & Dragons and Broadsides!, a role-playing game (RPG) based on the d20 system.[19] Novella also coauthored Spellbound: A Codex of Ritual Magic, which features "a complete system of magic suitable for any campaign setting" using the d20 system.[21]

Awards

  • In 2010 the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) awarded Novella the Robert P. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking for his body of work including The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast, Science-Based Medicine, Neurologica, Skepticial Inquirer column The Science of Medicine and the "tireless travel and lecture schedule on behalf of skepticism". '“The truly most amazing thing is he does this all on a volunteer basis.”'[44] According to Barry Karr "'You may be the hardest worker in all of skepticism'"[45]

Topics of interest

Novella leading a panel about bad science in science fiction at New York Comic Con in 2018

Novella often writes and speaks about a variety of topics in areas of alternative medicine, the new age movement, parapsychology, and pseudoscience. As a proponent of scientific skepticism, his writings generally address supporting evidence and scientific consensus. Topics addressed in his writings include:

  • Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)[46] – Alternative medicine is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine but is not based on evidence gathered using the scientific method. It consists of a wide range of health care practices, products and therapies.[47] Novella has often said, "CAM is CAM because it is not science-based. If it were, it would not be 'alternative' medicine, it would be medicine."[48]
  • Vaccines and autism[49] – There is no evidence of a causal relationship between vaccinations and autism.[50][51] Despite this, many parents believe that vaccinations cause autism and therefore delay or avoid immunizing their children under the "vaccine overload" hypothesis[52] even though this hypothesis has no scientific evidence and is biologically implausible.[53] Novella sums it up, "With regard to vaccines, the data is there, published in the peer-reviewed literature. Many professional groups have thoroughly analyzed the literature and independently concluded that vaccines are safe and effective."[54]
  • Homeopathy[55] – Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on the doctrine that like cures like, according to which a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people will cure similar symptoms in sick people.[56] The remedies are prepared by repeatedly diluting a chosen substance in alcohol or distilled water, followed by forceful striking on an elastic body. Dilution usually continues well past the point where no molecules of the original substance remain.[57] Novella wrote, "I would like people to be aware of the fact that homeopathy is a pre-scientific philosophy, that it is based entirely on magical thinking and is out of step with the last 200 years of science. People should know that typical homeopathic remedies are diluted to the point that no active ingredient remains, and that homeopaths invoke mysterious vibrations or implausible and highly fanciful water chemistry. I would further like people to know that clinical research with homeopathic remedies, when taken as a whole, show no effect for any such remedy."[58]
  • AIDS denialism[59] – HIV/AIDS denialism is the belief, contradicted by conclusive medical and scientific evidence,[60][61] that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Novella wrote, "Denialists are pseudoskeptics—they pretend to apply the principles of skepticism (doubt) but they are dedicated to a final conclusion, and so they twist the process to their desired outcome."[62]
  • Near-death experience – A near-death experience (NDE) refers to personal experiences associated with impending death, encompassing multiple possible sensations including detachment from the body, feelings of levitation, total serenity, security, warmth, the experience of absolute dissolution, and the presence of a light. In an article for ABC News, Novella is quoted as saying, "That NDEs occur is not controversial—many people report remembering experiences around the time of cardiac arrest from which they were revived. . . the question is how to interpret them. ...The burden of proof for anyone claiming that NDEs are evidence for the survival of the self beyond the physical function of the brain is to rule out other more prosaic explanations. This burden has not been met."[63]
  • Hologram bracelets – A hologram bracelet or power bracelet is a small rubber wristband fitted with a hologram. Manufacturers have said that the holograms "optimise the natural flow of energy around the body, and so improve an athlete's strength, balance and flexibility".[64] Appearing on an episode of the television show Inside Edition Novella was asked if he believed the claims of makers of power bracelets. He replied, "Not for a second. That is based upon nothing. That is literally made up marketing hype."[23]
  • Intelligent design[65] – Of creationists' world-view, Novella writes, "it is not about evidence or logic, it is about authority. The debate is framed as God's authority vs man's authority, not in terms of logic or evidence."[66]
  • Conspiracy theories[67] – In June 2014, Novella conducted a written debate with Michael Fullerton, "who believes that the collapse of the Twin Towers on 9/11 was not due to the official story of damage from the impact of commercial jets, but rather the result of a controlled demolition."[68] In Novella's first response he concluded, "Michael's core logical error in making his case is depending on the claim that the towers fell in a manner that looks like controlled demolition, in that they fell fast and mostly straight down. These are not, however, features specific to controlled demolition. They would be true regardless of what initiated the collapse of such structures."[69]
  • Post-truth - Speaking at CSIcon Las Vegas 2017, Novella described the arc of skepticism beginning which began with a focus on classic pseudoscience such as UFOs and psychics which evolved over time to science denialism and a rise in "alternative medicine". Novella stated that we now live in a post-truth world "where you don't have to defend your facts." He believes this can be countered by active skeptics, "You have to understand where people are coming from. You have to give them an alternative narrative." [70]

Organizational affiliations

Bibliography

A book written by Steve Novella and his Skeptics' Guide co-hosts about scientific skepticism was published in October 2018. The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake was reviewed by Publishers Weekly, which said: "In plain English and cogent prose, Novella makes skepticism seem mighty, necessary, and accessible all at once... Empowering and illuminating, this thinker’s paradise is an antidote to spreading anti-scientific sentiments. Readers will return to its ideas again and again."[76] Neil deGrasse Tyson's review says: "Thorough, informative, and enlightening, The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe inoculates you against the frailties and shortcomings of human cognition. If this book does not become required reading for us all, we may well see modern civilization unravel before our eyes."[77][78]

References

  1. 1 2 "Yale Medical Group". Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  2. ↑ Novella, SP; Hisama, FM; Dib-Hajj, SD; Waxman, SG (April 2007). "About the authors: A case of inherited erythromelalgia". [Nature Clinical Practice Neurology]. 3 (4): 229–234. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0425. PMID 17410110. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  3. ↑ "Dr. Steven P Novella MD". U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  4. ↑ "Yale Neurology". Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved 2015-09-20.
  5. 1 2 3 Campbell, Ginger. "Interview with Dr. Steven Novella from The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe" (PDF). Books and Ideas. Pods in Print. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
  6. ↑ http://www.skepticblog.org/2008/11/17/skeptic-the-name-thing-again/
  7. ↑ Davies, Paul. "Taking Science on Faith". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  8. ↑ Sturgess, Kylie. "Token Skeptic". Patheos. Patheos. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  9. ↑ Bernstein, Evan. "Remembering Perry DeAngelis Today". The Rogues Gallery. The Rogues Gallery. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  10. ↑ "The Ness About Us". The Ness. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  11. ↑ Sturgess, Kylie. "Dr Steven Novella On Scientific Skepticism And Activism – NYC Skeptics". Patheos. Patheos. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  12. ↑ Weaver, Jacqueline. "'Skeptical' neurologist works to separate science from sham". Yale Bulletin & Calendar, October 7, 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  13. ↑ Neurologica Blog http://theness.com/neurologicablog/
  14. ↑ "Science-Based Medicine – Editors". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  15. ↑ "Quackwatch – Scientific and Technical Advisors – Medical Advisors". Quackwatch. Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  16. ↑ "The List of Steves". NCSE. The National Center for Science Education. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  17. ↑ "Books by Steven Novella". goodreads.com. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  18. ↑ "Quackwatch – Publications for Sale – The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  19. 1 2 Faugno, John; Harald Henning; Inger Henning; Steven Novella; Evan Bernstein; Joseph Unfried; Celeste DeAngelis (2002-02-26). Broadsides (d20, LII1500). Living Imagination. ISBN 978-0971214521.
  20. 1 2 Novella, Steven; John Faugno (2001-11-20). Twin Crowns Age of Exploration. Living Imagination. ISBN 978-0971214507.
  21. 1 2 Novella, Steven; John Faugno (2003). Spellbound: a codex of ritual magic. Living Imagination. ISBN 9780971214545.
  22. 1 2 "Controversial Medicine: Alternative Health, Pt 1". The Dr. Oz Show. Harpo, Inc. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  23. 1 2 "INSIDE EDITION Investigates Power Bracelets". INSIDE edition. Inside Edition Inc. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  24. ↑ "TV Series The Skeptologists". Skeptologists. Skeptologist Partners with New Rule Productions. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  25. ↑ "Alpha Quadrant 6 (FaceBook home)". Facebook.com. Steven Novella. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  26. ↑ "Alpha Quadrant 6 Playlist". Youtube.com. The Skeptics Guide. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  27. ↑ Novella, Steven (12 March 2012). 'ASMR'. Neurologica Blog. New England Skeptical Society. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  28. 1 2 Novella, Steven (12 March 2012). 'ASMR'. Skeptic Blog. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  29. ↑ Barrat E, Davis N (2015). "Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR): a flow-like mental state". PeerJ. 3: e851. doi:10.7717/peerj.851. PMC 4380153. PMID 25834771.
  30. ↑ Ahuja NK (2013). ""It feels good to be measured": clinical role-play, Walker Percy, and the tingles". Perspect. Biol. Med. 56 (3): 442–51. doi:10.1353/pbm.2013.0022. PMID 24375123.
  31. ↑ Novella, Steven (12 March 2012). 'ASMR'. Neurologica Blog.New England Skeptical Society. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  32. ↑ Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths ""Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths: What We Think We Know May Be Hurting Us"". Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  33. ↑ Your Deceptive Mind http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/course_detail.aspx?cid=9344
  34. ↑ "Our Fellows". Science in Medicine. Institute for Science in Medicine. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  35. ↑ "Sixteen Notable Figures in Science and Skepticism Elected CSI Fellows". Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  36. ↑ "JREF Appoints Dr. Steven Novella as Senior Fellow". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  37. ↑ "Edward Lewis Tobinick, MD et al v. Novella et al". Justia. June 9, 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  38. ↑ Novella, Steven (May 8, 2013). "Enbrel for Stroke and Alzheimer's". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  39. ↑ "Novella Response". Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  40. ↑ Novella, Steven (July 23, 2014). "Another Lawsuit To Suppress Legitimate Criticism – This Time SBM". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  41. ↑ Cushing, Tim (October 5, 2015). "Court Hands Loss To Doctor Who Sued Over Blog Posts Criticizing His Questionable Alzheimer's Treatments". Tech Dirt. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  42. ↑ Cushing, Tim (February 22, 2018). "Another Free Speech Win In Libel Lawsuit Disguised As A Trademark Complaint". Tech Dirt. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  43. ↑ Derek Colanduno (April 21, 2015). "A Skepticality Guide To The Universe". Skepticality (Podcast). Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  44. ↑ "CSI Awards Balles Prize". Skeptical Inquirer. CSICOP. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  45. ↑ Lavarnway, Julia. "CSICon New Orleans 2011 - Where Meeting Awesome Skeptics Is As Easy As Saying 'Hello'". Skeptical Inquirer. CSICOP. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  46. ↑ "Misinformation from Mayo Clinic". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  47. ↑ "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Products and their Regulation by the Food and Drug Administration". Office of Policy and Planning, Office of the Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Dept. of Health and Human Services, US Government. 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  48. ↑ "CAM Research – Be Careful What You Wish For". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  49. ↑ Vaccines and Autism
    • "The Anti-Vaccine Environmentalist". skepticblog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
    • "One Vaccine, One Ingredient and Anti-Vax Talking Points". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
    • "Another Study Showing Lack of Correlation Between Mercury and Autism". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
    • "Pockets of Vaccine Noncompliance in California". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
    • "Terrible Anti-Vaccine Study, Terrible Reporting". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  50. ↑ Fombonne E, Zakarian R, Bennett A, Meng L, McLean-Heywood D. Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: prevalence and links with immunizations. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):e139–50. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2993. PMID 16818529.
  51. ↑ Gross L. A broken trust: lessons from the vaccine–autism wars. PLoS Biol. 2009;7(5):e1000114. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000114. PMID 19478850.
  52. ↑ Hilton S, Petticrew M, Hunt K. 'Combined vaccines are like a sudden onslaught to the body's immune system': parental concerns about vaccine 'overload' and 'immune-vulnerability'. Vaccine. 2006;24(20):4321–7. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.003. PMID 16581162.
  53. ↑ Gerber JS, Offit PA. Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(4):456–61. doi:10.1086/596476. PMID 19128068. Lay summary: IDSA, 2009-01-30.
  54. ↑ "What Is an Antivaxer?". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  55. ↑ Homeopathy
    • Novella S, Roy R, Marcus D, Bell IR, Davidovitch N, Saine A (2008). "A debate: homeopathy—quackery or a key to the future of medicine?". J Altern Complement Med. 14 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.0770. PMID 18199017.
    • Gold PW, Novella S, Roy R, Marcus D, Bell I, Davidovitch N, Saine A (2008). "Homeopathy—quackery or a key to the future of medicine?". Homeopathy. 97 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1016/j.homp.2007.12.002. PMID 18194763.
  56. ↑ Hahnemann, Samuel (1833). The Homœopathic Medical Doctrine, or "Organon of the Healing Art". Dublin: W.F. Wakeman. pp. iii, 48–49.
  57. ↑ "Dynamization and Dilution", Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Creighton University Department of Pharmacology, archived from the original on 2002-08-26, retrieved 2009-03-24
  58. ↑ "Homeopathy Awareness Week". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  59. ↑ Smith TC, Novella SP (2007). "HIV Denial in the Internet Era". PLoS Med. 4 (8): e256. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040256. PMC 1949841. PMID 17713982.
  60. ↑ "Confronting AIDS: Update 1988". Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. 1988. …the evidence that HIV causes AIDS is scientifically conclusive.
  61. ↑ "The Evidence that HIV Causes AIDS". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. 4 September 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  62. ↑ "HIV Denier, Christine Maggiore, Dies". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  63. ↑ Heussner, Ki Mae. "Scientists Study Out-of-Body Experiences". abc News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
  64. ↑ "Power Balance bracelets: source of energy or just a gimmick?". Daily Telegraph. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  65. ↑ Intelligent design
    • "Are Evolution and Creationism Compatible?". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
    • "Kansas Citizens Sue to Reject Science". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
    • "New Creationist Documentary—Same Old Nonsense". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
    • "Questions from the Nye-Ham Debate". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  66. ↑ "Creationism is Not Science". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  67. ↑ Conspiracy theories
    • "Answering Conspiracy Theorists". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
    • "Conspiracy Thinking". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  68. ↑ "9/11 Conspiracy Debate – Part I". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  69. ↑ "9/11 Conspiracy Debate – Part II". Neurologica Blog. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  70. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick. "CSIcon Las Vegas 2017 Conference Report". www.csicop.org. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  71. ↑ https://theness.com/index.php/about/
  72. ↑ https://www.csicop.org/about/csi_fellows_and_staff
  73. ↑ https://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/necss-and-richard-dawkins/
  74. ↑ http://sfsbm.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=39&Itemid=563
  75. ↑ https://yalehumanists.com/about/faculty-board-of-advisers/
  76. ↑ "Review: The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake". Publishersweekly.com. Publishers Weekly. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
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  78. ↑ "The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake". Amazon.com. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
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