Stepan Yanovsky

Stepan Dmitrievich Yanovsky (Russian: Степа́н Дми́триевич Яно́вский; 1815 – 13 July 1897,[1] Switzerland) was a family doctor of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. He watched after the writer's health from 1846 to 1849. He was also an author of memoirs about Dostoevsky ("The Russian Messenger" magazine, 1885, №176). Some features of Yanovsky and some family events from his life were reflected in the image of Dostoevsky's character Pavel Pavlovich Trusotsky ("The Eternal Husband").

Biography

Stepan Yanovsky graduated from Moscow department (Russian: Московская медико-хирургическая академия) of S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. In the beginning of his career, he served as a doctor in Preobrazhensky Regiment (enlisted in 1837) and as a doctor and a lecturer of Natural history in Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University (Russian: Санкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет). In the middle of 1840th, having received a position in the department of state-owned medical warehouses of The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russian: Министерство внутренних дел), Yanovsky opened a private medical practice that gave him access to the world of St. Petersburg's contemporary writers.[1] In 1855, Stepan Dmitrievich married Alexandra Ivanovna Shubert (Russian: Алекса́ндра Ива́новна Шу́берт-Яно́вская), an actress of the Alexandrinsky Theatre. The marriage lasted 8 years.[2] Yanovsky retired in 1871, immigrated to Switzerland 6 years after, where he died in 1897.[1]

Relationship with Dostoevsky

In the spring of 1846, Yanovsky was contacted by a student, Vladimir Maikov (Russian: Влади́мир Никола́евич Ма́йков). He asked Stepan Dmitrievich to provide a consultation for his close friend, then 24 year old Fyodor Dostoyevsky, who had complaints about dizziness and insomnia. The first meeting of the doctor and the author of the just-released "Poor Folk" and "The Double" occurred at the end of May, and it was officious. However, soon their relationship became friendly, and they met weekly (daily in some months) during the next 3 years until Dostoyevsky was arrested. The treatment that Yanovsky provided was intended to eliminate Dostoevsky's periodical hallucinations and the symptoms of "head dizziness". The doctor argued that Dostoevsky, who was afraid of paralysis, must have felt himself as a healthy man. The treatment included a special diet and a decoction made from the roots of Smilax ornata.[3]

The talks that Dostoevsky and Yanovsky had were not bounded to medical themes. They discussed literature and music as well as daily, routine events. Stepan Dmitrievich knew about family and financial problems of his patient.[4] The doctor was one of the first people who heard about Dostoevsky's arrest, when Michail Michailovich Dostoevsky visited him, nervously, early in the morning on 23 April 1849. He informed that his brother, Fyodor Mikhailovich, was detained in the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. Later, in 1859, when Dostoevsky was allowed to live in Tver, Yanovsky (according to his memoirs) was one of the first friends who visited him in that town.[1]

Some letters that Yanovsky and Dostoevsky sent to each other are preserved to this day. So, in the spring of 1868, after "The Idiot" had been published, Yanovsky wrote to the author about its reception to the public. "In a club, in small saloons, in railway carriages... everywhere I can hear only 'Have you read Dostoevsky's last novel?'"[4] In 1872, Dostoevsky wrote to Yanovsky a letter in which he expressed his gratitude to the doctor and to the mate of his youth: "You are one of the unforgettable people, one of those who echoed sharply in my life... Because you are a benefactor, you loved me and spent your time with me, with the one who had a soul illness (now I realize this), before my trip to Siberia, where I was cured... Sincerely yours till death..." [5]

Family life

In 1855, Stepan Dmitrievich married an actress, Alexandra Ivanovna Shubert (Russian: Алекса́ндра Ива́новна Шу́берт-Яно́вская). Dostoevsky felt sympathy towards her: not only did he express sorrows about the lack of worthy roles for her, but he promised to write a single-act comedy exclusively for the actress. In 1960, when the relationship between Stepan Dmitrievich and Alexandra Ivanovna started to decay, Dostoevsky inadvertently participated in the family conflict. He supported Alexandra Ivanovna's decision to move from St. Petersburg to Moscow and took her side in the conflict. "Seems he (Yankovsky) is absolutely certain that we write to each other all the time, that you follow all my advice... I think he is a little bit jealous, perhaps, he thinks I'm in love with you." wrote Dostoevsky to Alexandra Ivanovna in a letter.[4]

Aleksey Pleshcheyev, a writer who also knew details about the conflict between the doctor and his wife, supposed that Stepan Dmitrievich was the one responsible for the family conflict. "I reckon, it is torturously boring to live with Yanovsky — to listen for the same phrases the whole life — as if somebody received a life sentence of eating nothing but a strawberry jam!" [2]

They divorced in 1863. However, their relationship was reflected in Dostoevsky's "The Eternal Husband" (1870). Researchers suggest that some of Yanovsky's characteristics, such as suspicion, hypercriticism, and jealousy, were implemented into the character of Pavel Pavlovich Trusotsky,[6] a person with the sole capability of being a husband.[7] After "The Eternal Husband" had been published, Apollon Maykov told Dostoevsky that he "instantly recognized Yanovsky and his character".[2]

Memoirs about Dostoevsky

After Dostoevsky had deceased, Yankovsky published two memoirs about the writer.

The first one was published as an article "Dostoevsky's illness" in Novoye Vremya newspaper (1881, № 1793). It was structured as a letter to Apollon Maykov and contained Yankvsky's testimonies that Dostoevsky had been suffering from epilepsy no less than 3 years, before his departure to Siberia, though it was a mild phase and was successfully handled by medication.[8]

The next time Yanovsky wrote about Dostoevsky was an article in "The Russian Messenger" magazine (1885, №176) which contained more details. He wrote about the writer's examinations and treatments, about their interpersonal relationships and "mutual trust", about Dostoevsky's preferences in literature. He reminisced that the writer was able to quote complete chapters from the books of Pushkin and Gogol, how he valued "A Sportsman's Sketches" of Turgenev, that he knew "Oblomov's Dream", from the novel of Goncharov, by heart.[1] Ludmila Saraskina (Russian: Людми́ла Ива́новна Сара́скина), a prominent researcher of Dostoevsky's works, in her book about Dostoevsky, during her quotation of Yankovsky's testimonies, noted, that the portrait of the doctor's friend might have been a little embellished, as Dostoevsky was pictured as a virtuous young man who didn't like wine, playing cards, or "chasing skirts".[4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Яновский Степан Дмитриевич - Федор Михайлович Достоевский. Антология жизни и творчества". www.fedordostoevsky.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  2. 1 2 3 "Шуберт (Куликова) Александра Ивановна - Федор Михайлович Достоевский. Антология жизни и творчества". www.fedordostoevsky.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  3. ↑ "Ф. М. Достоевский - Собрание сочинений". chulan.narod.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Сараскина, Л. И. (2013). Достоевский. Moscow: Молодая гвардия. p. 825. ISBN 978-5-235-03595-9.
  5. ↑ "Достоевский Ф. М. -- Письма (1870) страница 27". www.croquis.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
  6. ↑ Ф. М. Достоевский в воспоминаниях современников. В двух томах. М.: Художественная литература. 1990. pp. T. 1, C. 567. ISBN 5-280-01023-5.
  7. ↑ "Вечный муж - Федор Михайлович Достоевский. Антология жизни и творчества". www.fedordostoevsky.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  8. ↑ ИнфоРост, НП. "ГПИБ | № 1793, 24 февраля (8 марта)". elib.shpl.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
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