Stains-all

Stains-all
Names
Other names
DBTC
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.225
Properties
C30H27BrN2S2
Molar mass 559.58
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Stains-all (1-Ethyl-2-[3-(1-ethylnaphto[1,2-d]thiazoline-2-ylidene)-2-methyl-propenyl]naphto[1,2-d]thiazolium bromide) is a carbocyanine dye, which stains anionic proteins, nucleic acids, anionic polysaccharides and other anionic molecules.[1][2]

Properties

Stains-all is metachromatic and changes its color dependent on its contact to other molecules.[3] The detection limit for phosphoproteins is below 1 ng after one hour of staining,[4] for anionic polysaccharides between 10 and 500 ng.[5][6] Highly anionic proteins are stained blue, proteoglycans purple and anionic proteins pink.[7] RNA is stained blueish-purple wirh a detection limit of 90 ng and DNA is stained blue with a detection limit of 3 ng.[8]

Stains-all is light sensitive, therefore the staining is performed in the absence of light and photographed immediately. Staining of proteins can be improved by a subsequent silver stain.[7] The analogue Ethyl-Stains-all has similar properties as stains all, with differences in solubility and staining properties.[9]

Applications

Stains-all stains nucleic acids, anionic proteins, anionic polysaccharides such as alginate and pectinate,[10] hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate,[5] heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate.[6] It is used in SDS-PAGE, agarose gel electrophoresis and histologic staining, e.g. staining of growth lines in bones.[11]

References

  1. ↑ M. R. Green, J. V. Pastewka, A. C. Peacock: Differential staining of phosphoproteins on polyacrylamide gels with a cationic carbocyanine dye. In: Analytical biochemistry. Band 56, Nummer 1, November 1973, ISSN 0003-2697, S. 43–51, PMID 4128675.
  2. ↑ J. M. Myers, A. Veis, B. Sabsay, A. P. Wheeler: A method for enhancing the sensitivity and stability of stains-all for phosphoproteins separated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. In: Analytical biochemistry. Band 240, Nummer 2, September 1996, ISSN 0003-2697, S. 300–302, doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0361, PMID 8811925.
  3. ↑ Y. Sharma, C. M. Rao, S. C. Rao, A. G. Krishna, T. Somasundaram, D. Balasubramanian: Binding site conformation dictates the color of the dye stains-all. A study of the binding of this dye to the eye lens proteins crystallins. In: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Band 264, Nummer 35, Dezember 1989, ISSN 0021-9258, S. 20923–20927, PMID 2480348.
  4. ↑ W. T. Cong, W. J. Ye, M. Chen, T. Zhao, Z. X. Zhu, C. Niu, D. D. Ruan, M. W. Ni, X. Zhou, L. T. Jin: Improved staining of phosphoproteins with high sensitivity in polyacrylamide gels using Stains-All. In: Electrophoresis. Band 34, Nummer 24, Dezember 2013, ISSN 1522-2683, S. 3277–3286, doi:10.1002/elps.201300328, PMID 24114871.
  5. 1 2 N. Volpi, F. Maccari, J. Titze: Simultaneous detection of submicrogram quantities of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate on agarose-gel by sequential staining with toluidine blue and Stains-All. In: Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. Band 820, Nummer 1, Juni 2005, ISSN 1570-0232, S. 131–135, doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.028, PMID 15866501.
  6. 1 2 N. Volpi, F. Maccari: Detection of submicrogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans on agarose gels by sequential staining with toluidine blue and Stains-All. In: Electrophoresis. Band 23, Nummer 24, Dezember 2002, ISSN 0173-0835, S. 4060–4066, doi:10.1002/elps.200290021, PMID 12481260.
  7. 1 2 H. A. Goldberg, K. J. Warner: The staining of acidic proteins on polyacrylamide gels: enhanced sensitivity and stability of „Stains-all“ staining in combination with silver nitrate. In: Analytical biochemistry. Band 251, Nummer 2, September 1997, ISSN 0003-2697, S. 227–233, doi:10.1006/abio.1997.2252, PMID 9299020.
  8. ↑ Sigma-Aldrich: MSDS Stains-All ~95%, accessed May 16, 2015.
  9. ↑ M. R. Green, J. V. Pastewka: The cationic carbocyanine dyes Stains-all DBTC, and Ethyl-Stains-all, DBTC-3,3',9 triethyl. In: The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society. Band 27, Nummer 3, März 1979, ISSN 0022-1554, S. 797–799, PMID 90067.
  10. ↑ A. G. Krishna, Y. Sharma: Conformation of alginate and pectate chains monitored by the binding of the dye stains-all. In: Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics. Band 28, Nummer 1, Februar 1991, ISSN 0301-1208, S. 30–33, PMID 1711507.
  11. ↑ H. E. Gruber, P. Mekikian: Application of stains-all for demarcation of cement lines in methacrylate embedded bone. In: Biotechnic & histochemistry : official publication of the Biological Stain Commission. Band 66, Nummer 4, 1991, ISSN 1052-0295, S. 181–184, PMID 1716999.
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