Spirit duplicator

A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Ditto machine in North America, Banda machine in the UK or Roneo in Australia, France and South Africa) was a printing method invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld and commonly used for much of the rest of the 20th century. The term "spirit duplicator" refers to the alcohols which were a major component of the solvents used as "inks" in these machines.[1][2][3] The device coexisted alongside the mimeograph.

Spirit duplicators were used mainly by schools, churches, clubs, and other small organizations, such as in the production of fanzines, because of the limited number of copies one could make from an original, along with the low cost (and corresponding low quality) of copying.

History

The spirit duplicator was invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld. The best-known manufacturer in the US and the world was Ditto Corporation of Illinois, while copiers available in the UK were commonly manufactured by Associated Automation Ltd of Willesden, London NW10 ( A subsidiary company of the Computer Makers Elliott-Automation Ltd) for the Block & Anderson company, under their "Banda" brand. In both cases the trademark became a generic name for both the copiers and the process in their respective markets.

The faintly sweet aroma of pages fresh off the duplicator was a memorable feature of school life in the spirit-duplicator era.[4]

Design

A school newspaper published using a ditto machine in 1978
A spirit duplicator from the 1960s

The duplicator used two-ply "spirit masters", also called "master sheets". The first sheet could be typed, drawn, or written upon. The second sheet was coated with a layer of wax that had been impregnated with one of a variety of colorants. The pressure of writing or typing on the first sheet transferred the colored wax from the second sheet to the shiny/coated back side of the first sheet, producing a mirror image. This produced the same result of a sheet of carbon paper put in backwards. The two sheets were then separated, and the first sheet was fastened onto the drum of the machine, with the back side facing out, acting as a printing plate.

There is no separate ink used in spirit duplication, as the wax transferred to the back side of the first sheet contained the ink. As the paper to be printed moved through the printer, the solvent was spread across each sheet by an absorbent wick. When the solvent-impregnated paper came into contact with the back side of the first sheet, it dissolved just enough of the pigmented wax to print the image onto the paper as it went under the printing drum. One master would produce 40 or so good copies, after that the copies gradually became paler as the colored wax was used up [5].

Colors

The usual wax color was aniline purple (mauve), a cheap, moderately durable pigment that provided good contrast, but masters were also manufactured in red, green, blue, black, and the hard-to-find orange, yellow, and brown. All except black reproduced in pastel shades: pink, mint, sky blue, and so on.

Spirit duplicators had the useful ability to print multiple colors in a single pass, which made them popular with cartoonists. Multi-colored designs could be made by swapping out the waxed second sheets; for instance, shading in only the red portion of an illustration while the top sheet was positioned over a red-waxed second sheet. This was possible because the duplicating fluid was not ink, but a clear solvent.

The duplicating fluid typically consisted of a 50/50 mix of isopropanol and methanol, both of which were inexpensive, readily available in quantity, evaporated quickly, and would not wrinkle the paper.

In 1938 [6] a nonflammable solvent was invented by Johan Bjorksten to allow the possibility of using electrically driven machines without the concern of the flammability of pure methyl/ethyl alcohol. "A composition composed of 10% of trichlorofluoromethane and 90% of a mixture of 50% methyl alcohol, 40% ethyl alcohol, 5% water and 5% of ethylene glycol mono-ethyl ether. This solvent mixture is non-flammable in the closed space of the reservoir and has a flash point of 100 °F when fully exposed to air. The solvent mixture has a pleasant odor, reduced toxicity and gives at least as good copies as the duplication liquid before the addition of the trichlorofluoromethane. It is believed that the high efficiency of trichlorofluoromethane as a flame reducing agent is due to the fact that its boiling point is sufficiently low as to cause the formation of a non-flammable vapor film on the surface of the organic solvent, with sufficiently high boiling point as to be substantially retained by the solvents even at high summer temperatures."

Durability

Dittoed copies now pose a serious challenge to archivists responsible for historic document and artistic preservation. Dittoed images gradually fade with exposure to ultraviolet light, limiting their usability for permanent labels and signage. When exposed to direct sunlight ditto copies can fade to illegibility in less than a month. The low-quality paper often used would yellow and degrade due to residual acid in the untreated pulp. In the worst case, old copies can crumble into small particles when handled.

See also

References

  1. ↑ R. H. Marchessault; Christen Skaar (1967). Surfaces and Coatings Related to Paper and Wood: A Symposium [held At] State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse University Press. pp. 357–. GGKEY:ACJZY4RYG8S.
  2. ↑ David John Cole; Eve Browning; Fred E. H. Schroeder (2003). Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-313-31345-5.
  3. ↑ Reyling, P. M. (1964). "Duplicating Techinques". Journal of Chemical Documentation. 4 (3): 144–146. doi:10.1021/c160014a005. ISSN 0021-9576.
  4. ↑ Eric Zorn (January 16, 2007). "That ditto high is harder and harder to duplicate". Change of Subject column. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved September 6, 2013. '[D]itto,' a word -- and a smell -- that snaps many of us right back to our youth.
  5. ↑ "The Banda machine for document duplication, mid 20th century".
  6. ↑ "Nonflammable Solvent". U.S. Patent Office. Patent No. 2,254,469 Published in: 1941.

Further reading

  • Information Processing Equipment. Edited by M.P. Doss ... Contributors: Hubbard W. Ballou [and Others], Etc. New York. 1955.
  • Irvin Albert Herrmann (1956). Manual of Office Reproduction: Reproduction Processes, Systems Duplicating. Office Publishing Company.
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