Solid fuel
Solid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of combustion. Solid fuels can be contrasted with liquid fuels and gaseous fuels. Common examples of solid fuels include wood, charcoal, peat, coal, Hexamine fuel tablets, wood pellets, corn, wheat, rye, and other grains. Solid fuels are extensively used in rocketry as solid propellants.[1] Solid fuels have been used throughout human history to create fire[2] and solid fuel is still in widespread use throughout the world in the present day.[3][4]
Types of solid fuels
Wood
Wood fuel can refer to several fuels such as firewood, charcoal, wood chips sheets, pellets, and sawdust. The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity, quality and application. In many areas, wood is the most easily available form of fuel, requiring no tools in the case of picking up dead wood, or few tools. Today, burning of wood is the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. Wood may be used indoors in a furnace, stove, or fireplace, or outdoors in a furnace, campfire, or bonfire. As with any fire, burning wood fuel creates numerous by-products, some of which may be useful (heat and steam), and others that are undesirable, irritating or dangerous. There is debate as to whether burning wood can be considered carbon neutral, as technically the wood cannot release more carbon than was sequestered during its growth, although this does not take account of other impacts such as deforestation and rotting has on the carbon footprint.[5] When harvested in a sustainable fashion wood is usually considered to be a renewable solid fuel.[6]
Biomass
Although wood is a form of biomass, the term usually refers to other natural plant material that can be burnt for fuel. Common biomass fuels include waste wheat, straw, nut shells and other fibrous material.[6]
Peat
Peat fuel is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that can be burnt once sufficiently dried.
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. Throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. The extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change. Variations such as smokeless coal can be formed naturally in the form of anthracite, a metamorphosed type of coal with a very high carbon content that gives off a smokeless flame when set alight.
Coke
Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes.[6]
Municipal waste
Municipal solid waste commonly known as trash or garbage in the United States and as rubbish in Britain, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. With the correct technology it can be gasified and converted to a viable fuel source. However, this is technology heavy and can only be used where the waste is known not to contain toxic materials.[7]
Benefits/disadvantages of solid fuel
Solid fuels, compared to liquid fuels or gaseous fuels, are often cheaper, easier to extract, more stable to transport and in many places are more readily available.[8][9] Coal, in particular, is utilized in the generation of 38.1% of the world’s electricity because it is less expensive and more powerful than its liquid and gas counterparts. However, solid fuels are also heavier to transport, require more destructive methods to extract/burn and often have higher carbon, nitrate and sulphate emissions. With the exception of sustainable wood/biomass solid fuel is normally considered non-renewable as it requires thousands of years to form.[3]
See also
References
- ↑ "Solid". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
- ↑ "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120402162548.htm". www.sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 2017-03-09. External link in
|title=(help) - 1 2 "Coal". www.iea.org. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
- ↑ "Coal consumption statistics - Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
- ↑ Smith, K.R. "Greenhouse gases from biomass and fossil fuel stoves in developing countries: A Manila pilot study". Chemosphere. 26: 479–505. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90440-G. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
- 1 2 3 "Solid Fuels". Solid Fuel Technology Institute. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ↑ [Wilson and Burgh. (2008). Energizing Our Future: Rational Choices For The 21st Century. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]
- ↑ "The Guide to Solid Fuels" (PDF). Solid Fuel Association. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ↑ "Guide To Solid Fuel". Coal Products Ltd. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Further reading
- "CO2 Emissions (metric tons per capita)." Data. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 March 2014.
- "Coal Facts." Coal Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 March 2014.
- "Heating Options for Your Home Buying Guide." Electricity, Gas or Solid Fuel? - CHOICE Reviews Heating Options for Your Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 March 2014.