Silverman–Toeplitz theorem

In mathematics, the Silverman–Toeplitz theorem, first proved by Otto Toeplitz, is a result in summability theory characterizing matrix summability methods that are regular. A regular matrix summability method is a matrix transformation of a convergent sequence which preserves the limit.^[1]

An infinite matrix $(a_{{i,j}})_{{i,j\in {\mathbb {N}}}}$ with complex-valued entries defines a regular summability method if and only if it satisfies all of the following properties:

{\begin{aligned}&\lim _{i\to \infty }a_{i,j}=0\quad j\in \mathbb {N} &&{\text{(Every column sequence converges to 0.)}}\\[3pt]&\lim _{i\to \infty }\sum _{j=0}^{\infty }a_{i,j}=1&&{\text{(The row sums converge to 1.)}}\\[3pt]&\sup _{i}\sum _{j=0}^{\infty }\vert a_{i,j}\vert <\infty &&{\text{(The absolute row sums are bounded.)}}\end{aligned}}

An example is Cesaro summation, a matrix summability method with

a_{mn}={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{m}}&n\leq m\\0&n>m\end{cases}},

References

↑ Silverman–Toeplitz theorem, by Ruder, Brian, Published 1966, Call number LD2668 .R4 1966 R915, Publisher Kansas State University, Internet Archive

Toeplitz, Otto (1911) "Über die lineare Mittelbildungen." Prace mat.-fiz., 22, 113–118 (the original paper in German)
Silverman, Louis Lazarus (1913) "On the definition of the sum of a divergent series." University of Missouri Studies, Math. Series I, 1–96
Hardy, G. H. (1949), Divergent Series, Oxford: Clarendon Press , 43-48.
Boos, Johann (2000). Classical and modern methods in summability. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019850165X.

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[1] Silverman–Toeplitz theorem, by Ruder, Brian, Published 1966, Call number LD2668 .R4 1966 R915, Publisher Kansas State University, Internet Archive