Silver Star Mountain (Skamania County, Washington)

Silver Star Mountain
Summit of Silver Star with Mount St. Helens in the background
Highest point
Elevation 4,364 ft (1,330 m)  NAVD 88[1]
Prominence 1,480 feet (450 m)
Coordinates 45°44′51.8″N 122°14′20.5″W / 45.747722°N 122.239028°W / 45.747722; -122.239028Coordinates: 45°44′51.8″N 122°14′20.5″W / 45.747722°N 122.239028°W / 45.747722; -122.239028 [1]
Geography
Location Skamania County, Washington, U.S.
Parent range Cascade Range
Topo map USGS Bobs Mountain
Geology
Volcanic arc Cascade Volcanic Arc

Silver Star Mountain is an extinct volcano of the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Washington. Consisting of late Eocene to Oligocene epoch rock, it lies within the southwestern corner of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Long inactive, the volcano sits over three lithologic units, including the large Silver Star Granodiorite unit.

Silver Star Mountain and the surrounding area, in contrast to the rest of the local backcountry, has a ridge-like appearance, creating a striking skyline similar to mountains further north in the Cascade Range. The area lacks trees, and comprises steep cliffs, talus slopes, and meadows filled with wildflowers. The volcano can be hiked, and has been noted for its trails by local mountaineers.

Geography

Silver Star Mountain lies in Skamania County, in the U.S. state of Washington.[2] According to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988, it reaches an elevation of 4,364 feet (1,330 m),[1] though the Geographic Names Information System database lists its elevation at 4,377 feet (1,334 m),[2] and The Columbian gives its height as 4,382 feet (1,336 m).[3] The volcano lies in the western segment of the Middle Cascades.[4] It is about 12 miles (19 km) north of the western edge of the Columbia River Gorge, and is accessible from the city of Portland via United States Forest Service roads connected to Washington state highways.[4] The volcano sits in the southwestern corner of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, which encompasses an area of 1,300,000 acres (5,300 km2) in southwestern Washington state.[3]

Physical geography

The Silver Star Mountain area consists of an eroded plateau, largely made up of lava, with an average relief of about 2,000 feet (610 m) reaching a local maximum elevation of 3,000 feet (910 m).[5] Unlike the rest of the western Cascade backcountry,[3] it has a ridge-like appearance, creating a striking skyline similar to mountains further north in the Cascade Range.[6] The area lacks trees, and comprises steep cliffs, talus slopes, and meadows filled with wildflowers.[3]

The locale drains into the Washougal River and the Lewis River's South Fork, which flow to the south and west respectively. Erosion by these rivers has dissected the land, producing a relief of 2,500 to 3,000 feet (760 to 910 m).[4] Precipitation reaches a peak during the winter season, usually deposited as snow that produces drifts, especially in deep canyons in the area. These drifts often remain until the summer, feeding small streams in the vicinity. Surface runoff has increased due to the removal of forest cover by historical fires, including large fires in 1902 and 1929. As a result, runoff has eroded gullies on local slopes and removal of soil.[4] Moreover, there are talus slopes with heights up to 1,200 feet (370 m), which cover a large amount of the granodiorite deposit.[5] Small cirque-like basins, likely carved out by small glaciers, occur in a few of the larger canyons, with depressions up to 75 feet (23 m) in depth. These often host tarn lakes, and some support snowdrifts.[6]

Soil on and around the mountain has been eroded by repeated fires, including the Yacolt Burn in 1902 and 16 additional fires through 1929. Slow regrowth motivated the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant more trees during the 1930s,[7] and terracing was also used during the 1960s to facilitate better vegetation regrowth.[8]

Ecology

Wildflowers grow at unusually low elevations at Silver Star Mountain, as a result of fires, wind, and rocky subsoil. There are more than 100 types of wildflowers and flowering shrubs on the volcano, such as heather, star tulip, tiger lily, Grey's loveage, hairbell, bear grass, western bistort, columbine, Avalanche lily, broadleaf lupine, wooly sunflower, Cardwell's penstemon, Indian paintbrush,[9] phlox, balsamroot, and glacier lilies.[3] Trails around the volcano, in addition to offering views of wildflower-cover slopes, pass through thickets of huckleberry,[10] as well as forests with noble fir.[8]

Geology

In the area surrounding Silver Star Mountain, rocks forms three discrete lithologic units. The Eagle Creek formation is the oldest, probably dating to the Oligocene epoch (or the lower Miocene).[6] The rock consists mostly of cream-colored, vitric tuffs, which have undergone weathering that has converted them to a yellow or white colored soil, though there are also multicolored tuffs, which vary from red to green and purple breccias.[11] Often their color depends on the extent of inner iron compounds.[12] They display little assortment or bedding, indicating that they likely accumulated subaerially.[11] Rocks from the formation form outcrops on the eastern part of the Silver Star Mountain locale, and are exposed in central parts of the Columbia River Gorge.[6] Other exposures from the Eagle Creek formation can be observed in Silver, Bluebird, and Bear creeks, in canyons also lying along the eastern part of the local area.[11] The second, younger unit is the Skamania Andesites, which sit atop the Eagle Creek deposits and consist of thick layers of andesite interbedded with minor inclusions of breccia and pyroclastic material. Less exposed than the Eagle Creek deposits, they are often detectable within 5 feet (1.5 m) of the surface, sitting disconformably over the Eagle Creek rock layers as a result of thorough erosion. At other points, including the eastern border of the Silver Star area, they intercalate with the Eagle Creek tuffs, possibly due to partially overlapping deposition times or the combination of the tuff deposition and andesite extrusion.[11] The Skamania Andesites encompass the largest distribution of the three lithologic formations in the area, forming thin lava flows that suggest extrusion as highly fluid lava.[11] Andesites located higher on the Silver Star Mountain edifice have undergone less erosion than deposits at lower elevations.[13] The age of the Skamania Andesites is not known, though Felts (1939) hypothesized that they were formed during the pre-middle Miocene epoch.[13] They have a gray to green-gray color and are porphyritic, containing smaller amounts of breccia and tuff, as well as phenocrysts with plagioclase, augite, and magnetite. The phenocrysts range from 1 to 6 millimetres (0.039 to 0.236 in) in size, with an average diameter of 3 millimetres (0.12 in). Sometimes, they contain chlorite or similar minerals.[12] Rocks from the upper third of the Skamania Andesites have a similar composition, but are more vesicular in texture.[14]

The third unit is called the Silver Star Granodiorite,[15] which is made up of augite diorite and quartz diorite.[16] Dikes with quartz, tourmaline, and sericite occur within the mass, which has a light color aggregated from white to pink plagioclase with orthoclase, clear quartz, and black to green biotite and hornblende crystals.[17] About 10 miles (16 km) in length and ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 miles (2.4 to 4.0 km) in width, it lies along a long axis angled at twenty degrees to the east. It has steep walls which have not been excavated by local canyons that cut into nearby rock.[16] Felts (1939) suggested that the stock intruded at an angle of 20 degrees east of north.[18] The stock cuts through the Eagle Creek formation and the lower two-thirds of the Skamania Andesites, forming metamorphic rock and small dikes of granodiorite and aplite into their tuff and andesite deposits. The absence of dikes or intrusions in the upper third of the Skamania Andesites formation suggests a time gap between the extrusion of the lower and upper segments, during which the granodiorite intrusion occurred.[16] The granodiorite has been altered to create talus, and there are few outcrops, which only occur at stream bottoms and rarely at cliffs that have not been covered with talus.[16] Lava flows, likely produced during the Pleistocene epoch, were deposited in the Lewis River canyon 4 miles (6.4 km) to the west of the Silver Star Mountain and in the Wind River canyon to the east.[13]

Silver Star Mountain consists of late Eocene epoch to Oligocene epoch rock, particularly calc-alkaline volcaniclastic sediment. These rock formations were intruded on the mountain's eastern side by the Silver Star intrusion, a deep stock of granodiorite and quartz diorite that also formed small deposits of copper in the area. Calc-alkaline volcaniclastic sediments, referred to as the Skamania Volcanics, lie nearby, overlapped by the Troutdale Formation. During the Miocene epoch, these deposits formed hills to the north of the major Columbia River valley, with sufficient height to prevent flooding.[19]

Silver Star Mountain is the center of a pluton of magma that was injected into the area 20 million years ago and cooled to solid rock under the surface, producing small deposits of gold, zinc, copper, zeolites, quartz and calcite. Small abandoned gold mines can be found in creek bottoms throughout the area. E.A. Dole, an early settler, struck silver on the mountain in 1874. He named the mine Silver Star Quartz Ledge. The ore gathered was assayed at 41.17 silver and 63.72 lead per ton.[20] Granite has been documented near the foot of the mountain on the Columbia River, about 15 miles (24 km) northeast of the city of Washougal.[21] The volcano produced a dike made of granodiorite, which sits nearby.[22] Much of the local soil formed from granodiorite deposits and volcanic ash.[23]

Human history

A number of ditches near the mountain, which can be seen on Trail #180E that branches off Silver Star Trail and also occur in other parts of the Columbia River Gorge area, are known as the Indian Pits. Archaeologists debate the purpose of these Pits, though three prominent hypotheses have emerged. One states that the pits were built by Native Americans to seek spiritual visions, while another claims that the pits served as blinds for hunting mountain sheep and goats fleeing cougars or wolves down local talus slopes or other hunters in brush below. The third hypothesis theorizes that the pits were used to store food.[24]

The September 1902[25] Yacolt Burn started as a slash fire near the city of Stevenson. Spread by a strong, eastward blowing wind, it burned forest for 30 miles (48 km), reaching the town of Yacolt and killing 38 people.[7] The fire encompassed close to 239,000 acres (970 km2) of land across southwest Washington state, including parts of Clark, Cowlitz, and Skamania counties.[25] 16 smaller fires followed in the next few decades, prompting government agencies to build a fire lookout on Silver Star,[7] on the higher north peak known as "Star Lo", which was installed in 1952, but was removed by 1969.[1] The local Skamania County government also kept a radio repeater on top of the mountain several decades ago.[3] The Yacolt Burn State Forest was named after the 1902 fire.[25]

Recreation

Silver Star Mountain can be accessed from State Route 503 by traveling 4 miles (6.4 km) on the rough, rutted Forest Road 4109 to the trailhead.[26] There is no entry fee, and there are no restrooms at the trailhead. The area is lightly used for hiking.[26] From the trailhead, visitors can access Silver Star Trail #180 and the Silver Star Summit #180D path, which meets the nearby Ed's Trail #180A, Chinook Trail #180B, Sturgeon Rock Trail #180C, and Indian Pits Trail #180E.[26] The Silver Star trail runs 5 miles (8.0 km) to an old roadbed located west of Silver Star Mountain, while the Silver Star Summit Trail #180D, 0.25 miles (0.40 km), reaches the summit of Silver Star Mountain. Indian Pits Trail and Pyramid Rock Trail #180F reach the trailhead at the Washington State Department of Natural Resources Road W-1200, branching off the Silver Star Trail to the south of Silver Star Mountain.[10]

From Ed's Trail #180A,[27] named after Edward Robinson, one of the pioneers of the Chinook Trail Association,[28] hikers can see views of nearby volcanoes, including Mount Saint Helens, Mount Rainier, Mount Adams, Mount Hood, and Mount Jefferson on particularly clear days.[27] This has been described by local hikers as one of the best hikes in Washington state,[29][30] only gaining about 1,200 feet (370 m) in elevation between the Silver Star and Ed's Trails.[3] Trail #172 Bluff Mountain offers views of the Vancouver and Portland metropolitan area.[8]

The trail area is administered by the United States Forest Service, and the Mount Adams Ranger District serves as its information center.[26] This information center, located in Trout Lake, is open Monday through Saturday from 8:00 am to 4:30 pm, closing for an hour between 12 and 1 pm.[31] A number of the trails were built by and are still maintained by the Chinook Trails Association.[27][32]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Silver Star Mountain LO". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Silver Star Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1979-09-10. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thomas, A. (February 23, 2013). "Silver Star Mountain, Loowit Falls trails among forest highlights". The Columbian. Columbian Publishing Co. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Felts 1939, p. 298.
  5. 1 2 Felts 1939, p. 299.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Felts 1939, p. 300.
  7. 1 2 3 "Fire created the open hillsides of Silver Star" (PDF). United States Forest Service. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 "Trail #172 Bluff Mountain". United States Forest Service. August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Earth, Wind & Fire have brought wildflowers to Silver Star" (PDF). United States Forest Service. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  10. 1 2 "Trails #180 & #180D Silver Star & Summit". United States Forest Service. August 2, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Felts 1939, p. 301.
  12. 1 2 Felts 1939, p. 304.
  13. 1 2 3 Felts 1939, p. 302.
  14. ↑ Felts 1939, p. 305.
  15. ↑ Felts 1939, pp. 302–303.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Felts 1939, p. 303.
  17. ↑ Felts 1939, p. 306.
  18. ↑ Felts 1939, p. 316.
  19. ↑ Wegmann & Pringle 2004, p. 12.
  20. ↑ Jolotta 1993, p. 50.
  21. ↑ Washington Public Documents 1902, p. 22.
  22. ↑ Skamania County Soil Survey 1990, p. 233.
  23. ↑ Skamania County Soil Survey 1990, pp. 202–203.
  24. ↑ "Trail #180E Indian Pits". United States Forest Service. August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  25. 1 2 3 "Yacolt Burn State Forest". Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  26. 1 2 3 4 "Trailhead: Silver Star". United States Forest Service. July 28, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  27. 1 2 3 "Trail #180A Ed's". United States Forest Service. August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  28. ↑ Romano 2011, p. 78.
  29. ↑ Russell, K. (June 26, 2015). "Explore the PNW: Silver Star Mountain". USA Today. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  30. ↑ Thomas, A. (August 9, 2012). "Big views, lots of wildflowers at Silver Star Mountain". The Daily News. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  31. ↑ "Gifford Pinchot National Forest Offices". United States Forest Service. August 2, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Trail #180B Chinook". United States Forest Service. August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.

Sources

  • "An Outline of the Geology of Washington", Washington Public Documents, Washington Geological Survey, 3, 1902 .
  • Felts, W. M. (1939). "A Granodiorite Stock in the Cascade Mountains of South-western Washington" (PDF). 39 (6): 297–316.
  • Jolotta, P. (1993), Naming Clark County, Vancouver: Fort Vancouver Historical Society .
  • Romano, C. (2011). Day Hiking Columbia River Gorge: National Scenic Area/Silver Star Scenic Area/Portland--Vancouver to The Dalles. The Mountaineers Books.
  • "Soil Survey of Skamania County Area, Washington", Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1990 .
  • Wegmann, K. W.; Pringle, P. T. (2004). "Geologic Field Trip to the Aldercrest–Banyon Landslide and Mount St. Helens,Washington, Part I—Stevenson to Castle Rock" (PDF). Division of Geology and Earth Resources. Washington State Department of Natural Resources.

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