Sense of place

The term sense of place has been used in many different ways. It is a characteristic that some geographic places have and some do not,[1] while to others it is a feeling or perception held by people (not by the place itself).[2][3] It is often used in relation to those characteristics that make a place special or unique, as well as to those that foster a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging.[4] Others, such as geographer Yi-Fu Tuan, have pointed to senses of place that are not "positive," such as fear.[5] Some students and educators engage in "place-based education" in order to improve their "sense(s) of place," as well as to use various aspects of place as educational tools in general[6][7][8]. The term is used in urban and rural studies in relation to place-making and place-attachment of communities to their environment or homeland.[9]

Geographic place

Cultural geographers, anthropologists, sociologists and urban planners study why certain places hold special meaning to particular people or animals.[10] Places said to have a strong "sense of place" have a strong identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants and visitors.[11][12] Sense of place is a social phenomenon.[13] Codes aimed at protecting, preserving and enhancing places felt to be of value include "World Heritage Site" designations, the British "Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty" controls and the American "National Historic Landmark" designation.

Placelessness

Places that lack a "sense of place" are sometimes referred to as "placeless" or "inauthentic”;cultural geographer, Edward Relph investigates the "placelessness" of these locations[14] anthropologist Marc Augé calls these "non-places."[15] Stepping against the kind of reductive thinking that placelessness can lead to,in his book, The Practice of Everyday Life, Jesuit philosopher Michel de Certeau argues that another way of seeing placelessness is to see it as space. For de Certeau,"space is merely composed of intersections of mobile elements" that are not in stasis (117). Place, on the other hand, is space that has been ordered in some way to serve some human need"(117). A park, for instance, is a place that has been constructed "in accord with which elements are distributed in relationships of coexistence"(117) and therefore "implies an indication of stability"(117). de Certeau's ideas became instrumental in understanding the intersections of power and social relations in the construction of place. For de Certeau, placelessness, or "space" was a site for freedom or at least it is the site for what Timotheus Vermeulen sees as "potentially anarchic movement"[16] Outside of de Certeau's ideas, Placeless landscapes are seen as those that have no special relationship to the places in which they are located—they could be anywhere; roadside strip shopping malls, gas/petrol stations and convenience stores, fast food chains, and chain department stores have been cited as examples of placeless landscape elements.[17] Some historic sites or districts that have been heavily commercialized for tourism and new housing estates are defined as having lost their sense of place.[18] Gertrude Stein's "there is no there there" has been used as a description of such places.[19]

Human geographers and social psychologists have studied how a sense of place develops, including the importance of comparisons between places, learning from elders and observing natural disasters and other events. Of particular note is the importance of childhood experiences.[20] Environmental psychologists have quantified links between exposure to natural environments in childhood and environmental preferences later in life.[21] Learning about surrounding environments during childhood is strongly influenced by the direct experience of playing, as well as through the role of family, culture, and community.[22] The special bond which develops between children and their childhood environments has been called a "primal landscape" by human geographers.[23] This childhood landscape forms part of an individual's identity and constitutes a key point of comparison for considering subsequent places later in life. As people move around as adults, they tend to consider new places in relation to this baseline landscape experienced during childhood.[24] Sense of place is used as a model for community-based psychosocial support programs.[25][26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977). Space and place: The perspective of experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press.
  2. ↑ Agnew, J.A.; Duncan, J.S. (1989). The power of place: Bringing together geographical and sociological imaginations. Boston: Unwin Hyman Publishers.
  3. ↑ Altman, ed., I.; Low, ed., S.M. (1992). Place attachment. Human behavior and environment: Advances in theory and research. New York: Plenum Press.
  4. ↑ Casey, E.S. (2001). "Between geography and philosophy: what does it mean to be in place world?". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 91: 683–693. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00266.
  5. ↑ Tuan, Yi-Fu (1980). Landscapes of Fear. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  6. ↑ Simandan, D. 2013. Introduction: Learning as a geographical process. The Professional Geographer, 65(3), pp. 363-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2012.693872
  7. ↑ Simandan, D 2013. Learning wisdom through geographical dislocations. The Professional Geographer, 65(3), pp. 390-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2012.693876
  8. ↑ Sun, Y., Chan, R.C. and Chen, H., 2016. Learning with Geographical Sensitivity: Place-Based Education and Its Praxis. The Professional Geographer, 68(4), pp.574-583.
  9. ↑ Groat, ed., L. (1995). Giving places meaning: Readings in environmental psychology. San Diego: Academic Press.
  10. ↑ Spretnak, C. (1997). The resurgence of the real: Body, nature and place in a hypermodern world. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers.
  11. ↑ Bloom, W. (1990). Personal identity, national identity and international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  12. ↑ Allen, J.; Massey, D.; Cochrane, A. (1998). Rethinking the Region. London: Routledge.
  13. ↑ Agnew, J. (2002). Making political geography. London: Arnold Press.
  14. ↑ Relph, Edward, Place and Placelessness
  15. ↑ Augé, Marc (1995). Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. New York: Verson Books.
  16. ↑ https://frieze.com/article/space-place
  17. ↑ Davis, Mike (1990). City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York: Vintage Press, Penquin Books. ISBN 9780679738060.
  18. ↑ Harvey, D.C. (1993). From space to place and back again: reflections on the condition of post modernity. London: Routledge.
  19. ↑ Anyone's Autobiography, 1937: see Gertrude Stein.
  20. ↑ Measham TG (2006) Learning about environments: The significance of primal landscapes, Environmental Management 38(3), pp. 426–434
  21. ↑ Bixler, R. D., M. F. Floyd, and W. E. Hammitt. (2002). Environmental socialization: Quantitative tests of the childhood play hypothesis, Environment and Behavior 34(6) pp. 795–818
  22. ↑ Derr, V (2002). "Children's sense of place in northern New Mexico". Journal of Environmental Psychology. 22 (1–2): 125–137. doi:10.1006/jevp.2002.0252.
  23. ↑ Gayton (1996) Landscapes of the Interior: Re-explorations of Nature and the Human Spirit. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers
  24. ↑ Measham, TG (2007) Primal Landscapes: insights for education from empirical research on ways of learning about environments, International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 16 (4) pp. 339–350
  25. ↑ Prewitt Diaz, J.O. and Dayal, A. (2008). Sense of Place: A Model for Community Based psychosocial support programs. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies. http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2008-1/prewitt_diaz.htmJoseph O. Prewitt Diaz
  26. ↑ Chigbu, U.E. (2013). "Fostering rural sense of place: the missing piece in Uturu, Nigeria". Development in Practice. 23: 264–277. doi:10.1080/09614524.2013.772120.

Further reading

  • Chigbu, U.E. (2013). Fostering rural sense of place: the missing piece in Uturu, Nigeria. Development In Practice, 23 (2): pp. 264–277. View and download article: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09614524.2013.772120
  • Alexander, Christopher. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-19-501919-9
  • Casey, Edward S. The Fate of Place, University of California Press, 1998. ISBN 0-520-21649-0
  • Cresswell, T. (2005) Place: a short introduction, Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0672-7
  • Cresswell, T. (2009). Place. In Thrift, N., Kitchen, R., (eds) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookvolume.cws_home/722034/vol1) pages 384-395.
  • Cross, Jennifer E. (2001). What is Sense of Place? Department of Sociology, Colorado State University
  • Gussow, Alan. 1972. A Sense of Place: The Artist and the American Land. San Francisco: Friends of the Earth. ISBN 1559635681
  • Hubbard, Phil, Rob Kitchen, and Gil Valentine, eds. 2004. Key Thinkers on Space and Place. London: Sage. ISBN 0-7619-4963-1
  • Inge, John A Christian Theology of Place, Ashgate, 2003. ISBN 0-7546-3498-1
  • Kunstler, James. Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape, Free Press, 1994. ISBN 0-671-88825-0
  • Lippard, Lucy. The Lure of the Local: Senses of Place in a Multicentered Society, New Press, 1998. ISBN 978-156584248-9
  • Long, Joshua. 2010. Weird City: Sense of Place and Creative Resistance in Austin, Texas. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72241-9
  • Massey, Doreen B. 2005. For Space. London: Sage. ISBN 1-4129-0362-9
  • Relph, E. C. Place and Placelessness, Pion, 1976. ISBN 0-85086-111-X
  • Roudavski, Stanislav (2008). Staging Places as Performances: Creative Strategies for Architecture (PhD, University of Cambridge)
  • Snyder, Gary. 1996. A Place in Space. Counterpoint. ISBN 1-887178-27-9
  • Soja, Edward W. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-And-Imagined Places. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-675-9
  • Tuan, Yi Fu. 1977. Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3877-2
  • Tuan, Yi Fu. 1990. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07395-X
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