SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment

SeaWorld Entertainment Inc.
Public
Traded as NYSE: SEAS
Russell 2000 Component
Industry Theme park operator
Entertainment
Founded 1959 (1959)
Headquarters Orlando, Florida, United States
Area served
 US
Key people
 John Reilly, acting CEO[1]
Products Theme park attractions, rides, and games
Brands
Revenue DecreaseUSD$1.26 billion (2017)[1]
Increase USD($200) million (2017)[1]
Owner Zhonghong Group (21%)
Number of employees
 22,100[2]
Divisions SeaWorld Kids
Website Official website

SeaWorld Entertainment Inc., formerly Busch Entertainment Corporation and SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, LLC, is a family entertainment, amusement park, and attraction company headquartered in Orlando, Florida.[3] It operates nine theme parks including five water parks in the United States.

The sale to Blackstone was completed on December 1, 2009 and with it came a new company name, SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment. It became a publicly traded company in 2012 as SeaWorld Entertainment.

History

Busch Gardens

Anheuser-Busch started its Busch Gardens parks with its Tampa, Florida location in 1959, which is consider the begins of its Busch Entertainment unit.[4] Tampa was expanded in 1962.[5] A second modern Garden theme park and tropical reserve, was built in 1966 next to the Van Nuys brewery.[6] A third location, The Old Country at Busch Gardens, opened on May 16, 1975 next to their brewery in James City County, Virginia.[7] Memorial Day weekend 1971, a Houston location was opened, but soon closed in early 1973.[8]

Busch Entertainment

The Busch Garden division was incorporated in 1979 as Busch Entertainment Corporation to support its growth. That growth came the next year, with its Williamsburg location added Italy to its culture roster plus add two whole parks. Next to the Tampa Busch Gardens, the Adventure Island Water Park opened in June. While in July, the Sesame Place in Langhorne, Pennsylvania opened. Which was jointly planned with The Children's Television Workshop and based on Sesame Street.[5]

In September 1989, Busch Entertainment purchased Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Park Group which including Boardwalk and Baseball, Cypress Gardens and SeaWorld theme park chain. The Boardwalk and Baseball theme park was closed on January 17, 1990 a few hours early. The Baseball City Stadium would continue its operations, while the park and stadium were up for sale.[9] Busch acquired a tenth park, Water Country USA in 1992, which was near its existing Williamsburg location. In 1993, the company hit its record high attendance for all its parks with over 19 million people with a record setting year for Tampa Busch Gardens.[5] In 1995, Cypress Gardens was sold to the park's management.[10]

Busch Entertainment announced in November 1992 its joint venture with Grand Tibidabo to build Tibi Gardens in Salou, Catalonia, Spain with other adjunct developments.[11] By the park's May 1, 1995 opening, Grand Tibidabo was replaced by Tussauds Group, Fecsa and La Caixa as partners and renamed Port Aventura. Universal Parks & Resorts purchase a majority share in 1997.[12]

The company's marketing program of a regional Florida Fun Cards season pass was launched in 2000. These pass were good for seven-months at the cost of a single admission. Being successful, the program was extended to all its parks. This was followed up in 2001 with a tiered reward card called Passport with four level name after medals metals. This program gain additional contact information for its marketing database. The additional marketing the database allowed plus the two program, local pass and reward card, allowed them to stay afloat during the economic down turn that started in 2001.[5]

In 1999, close to 200 acres of rural land was purchased by so that animals could be relocated while a new hotel was built. 200 rural acres were purchased for Busch Gardens Tampa in 1999 to relocate the animals for a planned hotel that was never build.[13] In early 2001, the company sold the Aurora SeaWorld to Six Flags, while the first reservations-only park, Discovery Cove, opened next to Orlando SeaWorld.[5] Beginning November 9, 2007, the parks collectively became known as Worlds of Discovery. Prior to the introduction of the Worlds of Discovery brand, the parks were marketed as Anheuser-Busch Adventure Parks. A new price plan came along with the new name, were purchasing tickets to multiple parks would get a discount.[14]

Busch Entertainment promoted a number of SeaWorld Orlando executives to corporate ending with the promotion of Orlando executive vice president and general manager Jim Atchison to Busch president and chief operating officer and chairman and president Keith M. Kasen to Busch chairman and chief executive officer on December 1, 2007. With so many executive promoted and staying in Orlando, Anheuser-Busch Cos moved the entertainment unit's headquarters to Orlando in 2008. By this time, SeaWorld Orlando was seen as the company's flagship theme park.[3]

In Dubai, the company in February 2008 signed a licensing and management deal for Busch's Worlds of Discovery, a four theme park development, with Nakheel Properties, an arm of the Dubai government. Worlds of Discovery was planned to open in 2012.[15] The first phase that was planned to open in December 2012 was to consist of SeaWorld and Aquatica Dubai. The second phase, consisting of Busch Gardens and Discovery Cove were slated for 2015. However, the global financial crisis had prompted both Nakheel and Busch Entertainment to suspend development indefinitely in February 2009, although both sides expected at the time to move forward when the financial climate improves.[16]

In 2008, Anheuser-Busch was acquired by Brazilian-Belgian brewer InBev. Based on its previous acquisitions, it was widely expected that InBev would later sell off non-core assets in order to pay down the debt created by its purchase of Anheuser-Busch; the theme-park division was considered one of the most likely assets to be sold.[17] In early 2009, InBev began soliciting bids for those assets in advance of an anticipated sale.[18] As part of the plans to shed the division, Busch Entertainment ended the free beer-sampling programs at Busch Gardens Williamsburg and at nine other theme parks which have Anheuser-Busch BrewMaster’s Clubs.[19] Similarly, Busch Entertainment broke from its parent company and terminated a benefit where employees of legal age received two free cases of Anheuser-Busch beer per month, a benefit that continued for the rest of the company.[19][20] At the time, InBev was thought to be considering selling the parks to the highest bidder, or spinning off Busch Entertainment as an independent company.[18] It was suggested at one point that NBC Universal was interested in purchasing Busch Entertainment, and folding it into the Universal Studios Theme Parks chain, but no official bid for the company surfaced.[21] However, other asset sales, such as the sale of Tsingtao Brewery, and an issuance of $3 billion in new long-term debt in May 2009, raised over $11 billion since the start of 2009, temporarily reducing the need to sell Busch Entertainment.[22] Other cited reasons for an apparent reluctance to sell off the company included still-volatile credit markets and receipt of initial bids that were lower than expected.[22]

SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment

In late 2009, the Blackstone Group reportedly entered into negotiations to acquire Busch Entertainment.[23] The Blackstone Group already owned a partnership in Universal Orlando Resort, and a significant interest in Merlin Entertainments, which operates attractions and theme parks such as Madame Tussauds and Legoland.[23] Previous estimates have valued Busch Entertainment at somewhere between USD $2.5-3.0 billion.[23]

On October 7, 2009, the discussions came to fruition as Anheuser-Busch InBev announced plans to sell Busch Entertainment Corporation to the Blackstone Group in a deal worth approximately US$2.7 billion.[24][25] As part of the deal, Blackstone maintained the current management team from Busch Entertainment and operate it as a separate entity.[24] Further, Anheuser-Busch will sign a sponsorship agreement with the company, thus allowing the two Busch Gardens parks to keep their current names and promotions, including the "Here's to the Heroes" military appreciation program.[24] In announcing the deal, Busch Entertainment President Jim Atchison said that Blackstone's acquisition brings "an awful lot of strategic vision for us. We're going to continue to grow the business together."[24] The company was also renamed SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment.[26]

The acquisition would be done with no loss of jobs at the parks or at the company's Orlando headquarters.[25] New departments will be hired to fill positions that would previously been managed by Anheuser-Busch, such as a legal department and procurement staff.[24] The largest proposed change to the operation of the parks would be the removal of Anheuser-Busch's Clydesdale from those parks that currently have them and the removal of the A&Eagle logos.[24] Anheuser-Busch licenses the "Busch Gardens" name to SeaWorld Entertainment perpetually.[2]

Blackstone Group began pushing SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment into other areas including plans for TV and animation divisions, expanding its consumer products unit and develop usage for its park film footage. In mid-2011, the company started the SeaWorld Pictures division with Scott Helmstedter as chief creative officer. The division first release was Turtle: The Incredible Journey in June 2011. Helmstadter indicated in September 2011 that the TV and animation divisions had several items on their slate and the three entertainment units would be at MIPCOM and Kidscreen Summit 2012 looking for projects.[27] SeaWorld Entertainment agreed in January 2012 to a multi-year licensing deal with Ruckus Media, a Connecticut-based app developer, for the SeaWorld's animal based digital story books for ages three to eight.[28] Sleepy Giant Entertainment and SeaWorld Parks released Turtle Trek, its first free mobile app based on the just opened SeaWorld ride with the same name.[29] SeaWorld and Nelvana Enterprises agreed in December 2012 to included Franklin and Friends with the SeaWorld Kids brand. Two special and co-branded books were planned.[30]

SeaWorld Entertainment

On December 27, 2012, SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment announced that it had filed for an initial public offering (IPO) of stock, while changing its name to SeaWorld Entertainment at the IPO. Part of the proceeds from this sale would go to Blackstone group, which would retain a controlling interest in the company. It began trading April 19, 2013 on the New York Stock Exchange with a ticker symbol of SEAS.[4][26]

In September 2013, SeaWorld Kids media unit and Little Airplane Productions agreed to develop a new conservation and animal themed TV show for preschoolers.[31] The property was announced in March 2014 as Billy Green Builds![32]

Following CNN's broadcast of the documentary Blackfish, which criticized the company's handling of killer whale exhibits, SeaWorld's profits went into a steep decline and its share values plummeted. SeaWorld said in August 2014 that the film had hurt revenues at its park in San Diego, California.[33] On December 11, 2014, SeaWorld announced that chief executive Jim Atchison would resign, with an interim successor replacing him on January 15, 2015. The company's share price had fallen 44% in 2014.[33]

The company and Village Roadshow in 2014 signed a development agreement for additional Asian theme parks.[34] By November 2015, SeaWorld and Evans Hotels formed a partnership to explore the development for a Mission Bay SeaWorld-branded resort hotel connected to the San Diego park.[35] By December 2016, the Village Roadshow agreement expired.[34] SeaWorld revived its Dubai plans in December 2016 with Miral but with only a SeaWorld Park joining four other parks on Yas Island when it opens in 2022.[36]

In August 2015, SeaWorld announced an 84% drop in second quarter 2015 net income compared to the year before. Total income was down 3% from 2014-2015. Visitors fell by 100,000, from 6.58 million to 6.48 million.[37][38][39][40]

The board of directors appointed Joel Manby as President and Chief Executive Officer starting April 7, 2015.[41] While the fully integrated resorts model, resorts, hotels and retail, has been on the drawing boards for the company at various times, Manby considered it a key to his plans for the company. As it seems that their parks are not considered designation parks but complimentary parks per In Parks Magazine. Two new directors appointed to the company board that held positions at fully integrated theme park resorts.[13] SeaWorld Parks formed its Resort Development Group on February 1, 2016 with the appointment of the Vice President of Resort Development Steve Iandolo.[42]

Anthony Esparza also became the new SeaWorld Chief Creative Officer (CCO).[13] Deep Blue Creative, announced as a new unit in early November 2016, is mostly the former SeaWorld media unit, less licensing and consumer products, lead by the previous CCO.[43] The first projects under the Deep Blue unit are Kraken Virtual Reality (VR) ride at SeaWorld Orlando, Wave Breaker: The Rescue Coaster at SeaWorld San Antonio and Electric Ocean end-of-day event debuting next summer at SeaWorlds Orlando and San Diego.[44]

On March 24, 2017, Blackstone Group announced that it will sell its 21% stake to Zhonghong Group.[45] Zhonghong Group was restrict in purchasing additional share and sale of their shares for two years. The thus added two additional directors to its board for Zhonghong. SeaWorld agreed to provide advice and support services to Zhonghong Holding, a Zhonghong Group affiliate, in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau for theme parks, water parks and family entertainment centers development.[46]

Sesame Workshop and SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment in May 2017 extend their licensing agreement for Sesame Place with plans to build a second US location to open in mid-2021. The extended agreement lasts through 2031 with the option for additional locations.[47]

Manby stepped down in late February 2018 as CEO with John Reilly being appointed as interim CEO. Esparza left as chief creative officer on March 1, 2018.[48] The company settled an annual pass class action lawsuit for $11.5 million settlement, where the company automatically renewed annual passes after the end of the originally ordered pass expiration.[49] In August 2018, the company extended its licensing agreement with for Rudolph and Friends with Character Arts to appear at their parks' holiday events until January 2024.[50]

Current properties

Theme parks

Busch Gardens parks

SeaWorld parks

Other theme parks

Water parks

Aquatica chain

Other water parks

Future Properties

On December 13, 2016, SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment announced a new partnership with Miral to bring SeaWorld Abu Dhabi to Yas Island. The park, which will be situated to the northeast of Ferrari World, is set to open in 2022 and will be the first SeaWorld without orcas. SeaWorld is licensing the brand to Miral, who will fully fund the project. SeaWorld revived its Dubai plans in December 2016 with Miral but with only a SeaWorld Park joining four other parks on Yas Island when it opens in 2022.[36]

  • New Sesame Place Theme Park and New Sesame Street Land in Seaworld Orlando

On May 18, 2017, SeaWorld Entertainment announced that they would build another Sesame Place theme park in the United States by 2021 in addition to the one currently operating in Pennsylvania, with the option to build more Sesame Place parks after that. A New Sesame Street land will build in Seaworld Orlando by spring 2019.

Former properties

Busch Gardens parks

SeaWorld parks

Other parks

Other units

  • Resort Development Group, hotel and retail development unit[42]
  • Deep Blue Creative, creative division[43]
    • Theme Park Development, U.S.A., unit consisting of two teams to develop attractions, food experiences and retailing
      • Project Management
      • Guest Experiences
    • Theme Park Development, Global - feasibility, development and site evaluation of new parks and new business models
    • Resort Development - land planning, resort and hotel development, new hospitality experiences
    • Events and Entertainment - in resort live entertainment support team for theater, restaurant and retail to encourage repeat visits
    • Media Enterprises - film, television, and music business
    • Expedition X -prototyping and new technology

Media projects

ProjectTypeDateCo-producersnotes
Saving A Species: The Great Penguin RescueTV special2006Discovery Kids[52] Outstanding Children/Youth/Family Special Emmy at the 34th annual Daytime Emmy Awards[53]
Turtle: The Incredible Journeyfilm2011[27]
digital story booksRuckus Media[28]
Turtle TrekappSleepy Giant Entertainment[29]
SeaWorld Kids with
Franklin and Friends
  • multimedia:
  • 2 specials
  • books
[30]
Billy Green Builds! animated
TV series		 Little Airplane Productionspreschool, 52 x 11-minute[32]
YonaguniDQ Entertainment
Rollman Entertainment		52 x 11, kids 6-11[54]
Sea Rescue documentary TV series April 7, 2012—[53] Litton's Weekend Adventure
Wildlife DocsOctober 2013—[55]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Smith, Aaron (February 27, 2018). "SeaWorld CEO steps down as attendance slides". CNN Money. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  2. 1 2 SeaWorld Entertainment Inc. (December 12, 2013). "SeaWorld Prospectus" (PDF). Retrieved January 5, 2014.
  3. 1 2 Powers, Scott (October 25, 2007). "Busch Entertainment to call Orlando home". www.orlandosentinel.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
  4. 1 2 "SeaWorld stock surges in first day of trading". New York Post. April 19, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Busch Entertainment Corporation". referenceforbusiness.com. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  6. ↑ Roger Vincent (June 13, 2008). "Anheuser-Busch has deep ties to Southern California". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  7. ↑ "Old Country 'shining jewel'". Free Lance-Star. (Fredericksburg, Virginia). Associated Press. May 17, 1975. p. 1.
  8. ↑ Kerr, Bryan (January 5, 2016). "Houston's short-lived theme park: Busch Gardens". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  9. ↑ "Baseball theme park strikes out". Gainesville Sun. New York Times Company. AP. January 19, 1990. p. 4B. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  10. ↑ Henthorn, Dawn. "Cypress Gardens". About: Florida for Visitors. About.com Inc. Archived from the original on September 15, 2004. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  11. ↑ Richard Schweid (November 2, 1992). "Europe's Second Theme Park Planned in Spain". AP news Archive. Associated Press. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Veremonte y La Caixa se alían en Barcelona World". La Vanguardia. 09/07/2012. Retrieved July 26, 2018. Check date values in: |date= (help) Translation: "Veremonte and La Caixa team up in Barcelona World".
  13. 1 2 3 Kleiman, Joe (April 16, 2016). "SeaWorld's Future Lies Not With FUR, But With FIR". InPark Magazine. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  14. ↑ "Sea World, other Florida attractions, offer multi-park discounts". USA Today. Associated Press. November 9, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  15. ↑ "Busch plans four parks in Dubai". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  16. ↑ Kassab, Beth (February 4, 2009). "No Busch Gardens, SeaWorld for Dubai". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  17. ↑ Leonard, Christopher (July 15, 2008). "Can InBev sell Anheuser-Busch theme parks?". FoxNews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
  18. 1 2 "Sale expected soon on Busch theme parks". Virginia Gazette. January 15, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
  19. 1 2 Eckert, Barton (January 6, 2009). "No more free beer at Busch Gardens Williamsburg". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
  20. ↑ McWilliams, Jeremiah (June 24, 2009). "Free beer continues at Anheuser-Busch; What does Brito think?". stltoday.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
  21. ↑ Garcia, Jason; Clarke, Sara K. (April 27, 2009). "Will Universal, SeaWorld combine forces?". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
  22. 1 2 Garcia, Jason (May 13, 2009). "Is urgency to sell SeaWorld, other Busch parks ebbing?". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
  23. 1 2 3 Hall, Jessica; Davies, Megan (October 2, 2009). "Blackstone near deal to buy theme parks: sources". Reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Garcia, Jason (October 7, 2009). "SeaWorld Orlando, Busch Gardens, other parks sold to Blackstone Group". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
  25. 1 2 "InBev Selling Busch Gardens, SeaWorld Parks". TheLedger.com. Associated Press. October 7, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
  26. 1 2 Garcia, Jason (December 27, 2012). "SeaWorld files to sell stock in IPO". orlandosentinel.com. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  27. 1 2 Calder, Kate (September 16, 2011). "SeaWorld splashes into kids content". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  28. 1 2 Dickson, Jeremy (January 18, 2012). "Sea World takes plunge into digital publishing". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  29. 1 2 Dickson, Jeremy (November 23, 2012). "SeaWorld launches first mobile game". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  30. 1 2 Dickson, Jeremy (December 19, 2012). "Franklin plunges into Sea World". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  31. ↑ "Little Airplane dives into Sea World partnership". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. October 1, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  32. 1 2 Goldman Getzler, Wendy (March 12, 2014). "Little Airplane and SeaWorld Kids develop Billy Green Builds". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  33. 1 2 "SeaWorld boss steps down after film hurts attendance". BBC News. December 11, 2014. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014.
  34. 1 2 Pedicini, Sandra (December 13, 2016). "SeaWorld expands to Middle East, without whales". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  35. ↑ Weisberg, Lori; Van Grove, Jennifer (November 9, 2015). "SeaWorld to build resort on Mission Bay". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  36. 1 2 Pedicini, Sandra (December 13, 2016). "SeaWorld announces new theme park in the Middle East, with no orcas". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  37. ↑ Weisman, Aly, "'Jackass' star Steve-O arrested after an epic stunt including a 100-foot crane and an inflatable whale in protest of SeaWorld", Business Insider (Yahoo! News), August 11, 2015
  38. ↑ SeaWorld Entertainment, "SeaWorld Entertainment, Inc. Reports Second Quarter 2015 Results", PRNewswire, August 6, 2015
  39. ↑ Verhoeven, Beatrice, "‘Blackfish’ Effect: SeaWorld Suffers Disastrous 84 Percent Drop in Profits in Wake of Documentary", TheWrap, August 6, 2015
  40. ↑ Neate, Rupert, "SeaWorld sees profits plunge 84% as customers desert controversial park", The Guardian, August 6, 2015
  41. ↑ Kleiman, Joe (March 19, 2015). "Joel Manby Dives Into New Position as SeaWorld Entertainment CEO". InPark Magazine. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  42. 1 2 Kleiman, Joe (February 23, 2016). "Reorganization Results in Management Changes at Six Flags and SeaWorld". InPark Magazine. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  43. 1 2 Kleiman, Joe (November 3, 2016). "SeaWorld Announces Deep Blue Creative Design Studio". InPark Magazine. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  44. ↑ "SeaWorld Parks forms new Deep Blue Creative team". Attractions Magazine. November 5, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  45. ↑ Merced, Michael J. de la (March 24, 2017). "SeaWorld Stake, Long Held by Blackstone, Is Sold to Chinese Firm". The New York Times.
  46. ↑ "China's Zhonghong Zhuoye to buy Blackstone's stake in SeaWorld". Reuters. March 24, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  47. ↑ Bomey, Nathan (May 18, 2017). "SeaWorld to build new Sesame Place theme park". USA Today. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  48. ↑ Rubin, Judith (March 2, 2018). "Anthony Esparza talks about his transition from SeaWorld". InPark Magazine. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  49. ↑ Russon, Gabrielle (July 3, 2018). "130,000-plus SeaWorld customers could get refunds in $11.5 million settlement of lawsuit". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  50. ↑ Russon, Gabrielle (August 14, 2018). "SeaWorld Orlando: Rudolph & friends will become longtime holiday offering through 2024". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  51. ↑ https://sesameplace.com/philadelphia/park-info/directions/
  52. ↑ DeMott, Rick (September 5, 2006). "Growing Up Creepie Tops Discovery Kids New Fall Lineup". Animation World Network. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  53. 1 2 Beck, Linda (March 20, 2012). "SeaWorld Makes a Splash with 'Sea Rescue'". Animation World Network. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  54. ↑ Milligan, Mercedes (October 9, 2013). "MIPCOM News Bytes". Animationmagazine.net. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  55. ↑ Chance, Todd (October 19, 2013). "ABC's 'The Wildlife Docs' a hit for Grand Rapids native Rachel Reenstra". Grand Rapids Press. MLive Media Group. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.