Rooney Rule

The Rooney Rule is a National Football League policy that requires league teams to interview ethnic-minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operation jobs. It is sometimes cited as an example of affirmative action, though there is no quota or preference given to minorities in the hiring of candidates.[1][2][3] It was established in 2003, and variations of the rule are now in place in other industries.[4][5]

History and origin

The rule is named after Dan Rooney, the former owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers and former chairman of the league's diversity committee.

It was created as a reaction to the 2002 firings of head coaches Tony Dungy of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Dennis Green of the Minnesota Vikings, at a time when Dungy had a winning record and Green had just had his first losing season in ten years. Shortly afterwards, U.S. civil rights attorneys Cyrus Mehri and Johnnie Cochran released a study showing that black head coaches, despite winning a higher percentage of games, were less likely to be hired and more likely to be fired than their white counterparts. Former NFL players Kellen Winslow and John Wooten then put together a self-described "affinity group" of minority scouts, coaches, and front-office personnel, to advocate for the rule's creation.[6]

Its purpose was to ensure that minority coaches, especially African Americans, would be considered for high-level coaching positions. Until 1979, when Tom Flores was hired by the Raiders, Fritz Pollard was the only minority head coach in NFL history (which was during the league's early years in the 1920s)[7] and by the time the rule was implemented, only Tom Flores, Art Shell, Dennis Green, Ray Rhodes, Tony Dungy, and Herman Edwards had ever held head coaching jobs (only Dungy and Edwards were actively head coaching at the time of the rule's implementation, though Shell and Green would later return to head coaching).[8] Dungy in particular had struggled for years before getting a head coaching job; he was often promoted as a head coaching candidate by Chuck Noll when Dungy was an assistant under Noll in the 1980s with the Steelers, but he would not become a head coach until 1996 when he took over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Another former Steelers assistant, Marvin Lewis, also struggled to find a head coaching position despite immense success as the Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator and would not find a head coaching position until being hired by the Cincinnati Bengals in 2003, the year the Rooney Rule went into effect.[9]

Impact

Since the Rooney Rule was established, several NFL franchises have hired African-American head coaches, including the Steelers themselves, who hired Mike Tomlin before their 2007 season[10] (The Steelers, however, had already interviewed Ron Rivera, who is ethnically Hispanic, to fulfill the requirement before interviewing Tomlin, and Rooney himself contends that Tomlin's hiring did not result from the Rule).[11] At the start of the 2006 season, the overall percentage of African-American coaches had jumped to 22%, up from 6% prior to the Rooney Rule.[12]

Application

The rule does not apply if an assistant coach has language in his contract guaranteeing him the head coaching job in case of an opening.[13] For example, this was the case when Mike Martz took over as head coach of the St. Louis Rams before the 2000 season. Also, the requirement does not apply if the assistant coach taking over the head position is a minority, as was the case with Mike Singletary and the San Francisco 49ers in late 2008.[14]

As of June 15, 2009, Rooney Rule requirements now apply to all searches for senior football operations positions within the NFL, regardless of a team's title for that position. It now also includes all ethnic minorities, not just African Americans.

Currently, 5 of the 32 head coaches in the NFL are African-American, with 1 additional head coach who is ethnically Hispanic. Recently, legal scholars have advocated for extending the Rooney Rule to college football, where the number of minority head coaches hovers around 6%,[15] which is significantly lower than the 12.6% of the total US population which is African-American.[16]

Detroit Lions case, 2003

In 2003, the NFL fined the Detroit Lions $200,000 for failure to interview African-American candidates for the team's vacant head coaching job. After Marty Mornhinweg was fired, the Lions immediately hired former San Francisco 49ers head coach Steve Mariucci (a native of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan) to replace him without interviewing any other candidates. The Lions claimed they attempted to interview other candidates but that the African-American candidates withdrew from interviews, believing Mariucci's hiring was inevitable.[17] The Lions would not have a minority head coach until hiring Jim Caldwell in 2014.

2012 controversial non-hirings and possible rule revision

In the wake of no minority hirings to fill eight head coaching and seven general management vacancies following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL regular season, NFL Executive Vice president of Human Resources Robert Gulliver stated, "While there has been full compliance with the interview requirements of the Rooney Rule and we wish the new head coaches and general managers much success, the hiring results this year have been unexpected and reflect a disappointing lack of diversity."[18] Analysts have pointed the lack of interview offers for Baltimore Ravens' Offensive Coordinator Jim Caldwell, who, as head coach, led the Indianapolis Colts to a 14–2 2009 season along with winning the 2009 American Football Conference title before losing in Super Bowl XLIV, as evidence that the rule needs revision.[19] Some sports analysts have called upon the NFL to modify the Rooney Rule by requiring NFL teams to interview a minority candidate outside their respective organizations, and extending the rule to include interviews for offensive and defensive coordinators.[20]

Outside the NFL

In association football (soccer), players' representatives have been campaigning for a similar practice in England. Gordon Taylor, Chief Executive of the PFA (the players' trade union) said in September 2014 the sport "has a 'hidden resistance' preventing black managers getting jobs," pointing out that "you see so many black players on the pitch, yet we have two black managers out of 92."[21] Garth Crooks, a prominent black former player, was especially scathing of the failure of the English Football League (a large association of clubs below the top-tier Premier League) to pursue the matter, suggesting the league lacked courage.[22] Black coaches Kieron Dyer and Titus Bramble spoke out against the idea of Rooney Rule, saying they did not want to be perceived as having their roles because of a "quota".[23] On January 9, 2018, it was reported that the England national football team would implement the Rooney Rule for all future interviews for the manager position.[24]

This rule does not apply to any political positions in the United States including the position of Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Outside sports

Some companies outside of sports, such as Pinterest, Facebook, Patreon and Checkr, have put similar rules in place for their hiring processes.[25][5][26][27] In general, the Rooney rule in these companies focuses on the diversity of the applicants in the pipleline for a particular position; the rule requires pausing at some stage of the hiring process until some diversity benchmark has been reached for the pool of applicants at that stage.[28] Some data suggests that the Rooney Rule is not fully effective, leading to proposal of a "Mansfield Rule" requiring that 30% of candidates be diverse.[29]

List of minority NFL head coaches

Key:

W Wins
L Losses
Interim head coach only
Active head coach

Note: List is correct through April 13, 2017.

Head coach Teams Years Regular season Playoffs Best results
W L T Win % W L Win %
Fritz Pollard Akron Pros, Hammond Pros 1921, 1925 8 4 .667 0 0 0
Tom Flores Oakland/LA Raiders, Seattle Seahawks 1979–1987, 1992–1994 97 87 .527 8 3 .727 Won Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII
Art Shell Los Angeles Raiders 1989–1994, 2006 56 52 .518 2 3 .400 1990–1991 AFC Championship Game
Dennis Green Minnesota Vikings and Arizona Cardinals 1992–2001, 2004–2006 113 94 .546 4 8 .333 1998 and 2000 NFC Championship Game
Ray Rhodes Philadelphia Eagles and Green Bay Packers 1995–1998, 1999 37 42 .468 1 2 .333 1995 NFC Divisional Game
Tony Dungy Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Indianapolis Colts 1996–2001, 2002–2008 139 69 .668 9 10 .474 Super Bowl XLI Champion
Herman Edwards New York Jets and Kansas City Chiefs 2001–2005, 2006–2008 54 74 .422 2 4 .333 2002, 2004 AFC Divisional Game
Rooney Rule Instituted, 2003
Marvin Lewis Cincinnati Bengals 2003— 112 92 2 .549 0 6 .000 1st in AFC North, Lost all AFC Wild-Card games played
Lovie Smith Chicago Bears and Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2004–2012, 2014–2015 89 87 0 .506 3 3 .500 Won 2006 NFC Championship, Lost Super Bowl XLI
Terry Robiskie Washington Redskins*, Cleveland Browns* 2000, 2004 2 7 0 .222 — — — 3rd AFC North (with Cleveland)
Romeo Crennel Cleveland Browns, Kansas City Chiefs 2005–2008, 2011–2012 28 55 0 .337 — — — 2nd AFC North (with Cleveland)
Mike Tomlin Pittsburgh Steelers 2007– 103 57 0 .644 8 6 .571 Won Super Bowl XLIII, Lost Super Bowl XLV
Emmitt Thomas Atlanta Falcons* 2007 1 2 0 .333 — — — 4th NFC South
Mike Singletary San Francisco 49ers 2008–2010 18 22 0 .462 — — — 2nd NFC West
Jim Caldwell Indianapolis Colts and Detroit Lions 2009–2011, 2014–2018 53 43 0 .552 2 4 .333 2009 AFC Champion, Lost Super Bowl XLIV
Raheem Morris Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2009–2011 17 31 0 .354 — — — 3rd NFC South
Perry Fewell Buffalo Bills* 2009 3 4 0 .429 — — — 4th AFC East
Leslie Frazier Minnesota Vikings 2010–2013 21 32 1 .382 0 1 .000 2nd NFC North
Eric Studesville Denver Broncos* 2010 1 3 0 .250 — — — 4th AFC West
Ron Rivera Carolina Panthers 2011– 53 42 1 .557 3 3 .500 2015 NFC Champion, Lost Super Bowl 50
Todd Bowles New York Jets 2015– 17 18 — .486 — — — 2nd AFC East in 2015
Hue Jackson Oakland Raiders and Cleveland Browns 2011, 2016– 9 39 — .188 — — — 8-8 with Raiders, 1-31 with Browns
Anthony Lynn Buffalo Bills and Los Angeles Chargers 2016, 2017– 9 8 0 .529 — — — 3rd AFC East
Vance Joseph Denver Broncos* 2017– 5 11 0 .313 — — —
Steve Wilks Arizona Cardinals 2018– – – – – — — —

References

  1. ↑ Reid, Jason (February 20, 2011). "NFL's Rooney Rule should be strengthened". The Washington Post.
  2. ↑ "NFL needs stronger Rooney Rule". Fox Sports. 29 January 2013.
  3. ↑ Engel, Jen Floyd (2013-01-30). "NFL needs stronger Rooney Rule". Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06.
  4. ↑ "Thanks to Rooney Rule, doors opened". ESPN. February 9, 2007.
  5. 1 2 Seetharaman, Deepa (2015-06-17). "Facebook Is Testing the 'Rooney Rule' Approach to Hiring". WSJ Blogs – Digits. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  6. ↑ Freedman, Samuel G. (11 February 2014). "What work remains for the Rooney Rule". New Yorker. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  7. ↑ Mike Freeman (October 9, 2014). "ART SHELL REFLECTS ON BECOMING NFL'S 1ST BLACK HEAD COACH IN MODERN ERA". Bleacher Report.
  8. ↑ Tim Smith (February 1, 2010). "Did Jim Caldwell's hiring as head coach of the Indianapolis Colts hurt the Rooney Rule?". New York Daily News.
  9. ↑ Harry, Chris. This is Ridiculous! Orlando Sentinel, 2002-02-09.
  10. ↑ "Tomlin proof NFL's Rooney Rule is working as intended". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Associated Press. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
  11. ↑ Boland, Erik (February 1, 2009). "Steelers' Tomlin didn't force change". News Day. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009.
  12. ↑ Collins, Brian W. (June 2007). "Tackling Unconscious Bias in Hiring Practices: The Plight of the Rooney Rule". New York University Law Review. 82 (3): 870–912. ISSN 0028-7881.
  13. ↑ La Canfora, Jason (January 8, 2008). "The Rooney Rule". The Washington Post.
  14. ↑ "49ers to give Singletary multi-year deal". Yahoo! Sports. October 26, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  15. ↑ Nichols, Michael J. (Fall 2008). "Time for a Hail Mary? With Bleak Prospects of Being Aided by a College Version of the NFL's Rooney Rule, Should Minority College Football Coaches Turn Their Attention to Title VII Litigation?". Virginia Sports & Entertainment Law Journal. 8: 147–175. ISSN 1556-9799. SSRN 1287345.
  16. ↑ Antoinette Y. Farmer and G. Lawrence Farmer (2014). Research with Diverse Groups: Research Designs and Multivariate Latent Modeling for Equivalence. Oxford University Press. p. 19.
  17. ↑ "Lions' Millen fined $200K for not interviewing minority candidates". CBS. Associated Press. July 25, 2003. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  18. ↑ Katzowitz, Josh (January 18, 2013). "NFL looking into lack of minority hiring for head coaching jobs". Eye on Football. CBS. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  19. ↑ Bell, Jarrett (January 18, 2013). "Minority snubs might lead to Rooney Rule overhaul". USA Today. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Modify the Rooney Rule". ESPN. January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  21. ↑ Conway, Richard. "Gordon Taylor: 'Hidden resistance' to hiring black managers". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  22. ↑ "Former Stoke City star Garth Crooks hits out at Football League chairman over 'Rooney Rule'". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  23. ↑ "Kieron Dyer & Titus Bramble do not want 'Rooney Rule'". BBC News. 12 November 2014.
  24. ↑ Kelner, Martha (2018-01-09). "FA to adopt 'Rooney Rule' for appointing future England managers". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
  25. ↑ Koh, Yoree (2015-07-30). "Pinterest Puts a Number on Diversity". WSJ Blogs – Digits. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  26. ↑ Arnold, Taryn (2017-04-05). "Patreon Culture Deck April 2017 - Slide 46 of 64". Slideshare. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
  27. ↑ Yamamoto, Arthur (2018-06-13). "Diversity recruiting the hard way". Medium. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  28. ↑ https://medium.com/kapor-the-bridge/dear-investors-so-you-want-to-take-diversity-seriously-part-1-777972b5450c
  29. ↑ McGirt, Ellen (2017-08-30). "How Lawyers Are Working to Change Their Industry's Diversity Problem". Fortune. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
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