Robert Smallbones

Robert Smallbones
CMG, MBE
Born Robert Townsend Smallbones
(1884-03-19)19 March 1884
Vienna, Austria
Died 29 May 1976(1976-05-29) (aged 92)
São Paulo, Brazil
Alma mater Trinity College, Oxford
Occupation Diplomat and humanitarian
Spouse(s) Inga Gjertson
Children 1 son and 1 daughter
Military career
Allegiance  United Kingdom
Awards Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
Member of the Order of the British Empire Civil Division

Robert Smallbones CMG, MBE, (19 March 1884 – 29 May 1976) was a British diplomat and humanitarian who arranged the issue of visas to persecuted Jewish people in Germany before the Second World War and visited concentration camps to demand the release of prisoners. He was posthumously awarded the medal of a British Hero of the Holocaust in 2013.

Early life

Robert Townsend Smallbones was the second son of Paul Smallbones of Schloss Velm, Austria.

He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford and gained a Master of Arts degree.

Consular Service

Smallbones joined the British Foreign Office (Consular Service) on 13 October 1910,[1] and served as Vice-Consul in Portuguese West Africa (present-day Angola),[2] where he was active in work to bring an end to slavery.[3] On 24 December 1914 he was appointed Consul at Stavanger in Norway.[4] Smallbones was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the New Years Honours List of 1918. On 11 January 1920 he was appointed British Consul for the State of Bavaria resident in Munich, Germany,[5] then on 16 July 1922 Consul for Slovakia and Ruthenia resident at Bratislava,[6] during which time he was British Delegate to the Donau Commission.

Member of the Order of the British Empire

Known at the Foreign Office in London as "Bones" he very quickly ruffled relations with his outspoken criticism of the Slovakian government policy against minority groups and in 1923 and 1924 he made extensive tours of Slovakia and Carpathian-Ukraine to report to London on the situation.[7]

Smallbones was appointed Consul for the Republic of Liberia resident in Monrovia on 5 January 1926,[8] then for Portuguese West Africa resident in Luanda, Angola from 11 August 1927,[9] and for the Banovinas of Dravska, Savaka and Primorska resident in Zagreb from 21 June 1931.[10]

Service in Nazi Germany

He was promoted after the successful posting to Zagreb and appointed Consul-General at Frankfurt/Main in Germany in 1932 just before the Nazi Party gained power. Smallbones held his position through the difficult pre-war years and in September 1939 at the outbreak of World War II he was evacuated with all British diplomatic staff. After Kristallnacht he worked to assist persecuted Jewish people gaining them travel visas,[11] which would enable them to leave Nazi Germany by exploiting any opportunities the system allowed and some which it did not.[12] He was remembered in the Jewish Chronicle as "the diplomat who faced down the Gestapo", for visiting concentration camps to demand the release of Jewish people,[13] he allowed his daughter Irene to horse-whip Gestapo agents arresting Jews and provided refuge for hundreds of Jewish people in his official residence,[14][15][16][17] Frustrated at the refusal of the United States of America to issue visas to the Jews he masterminded and oversaw what became known as the "Smallbones Scheme" to extend the British efforts to evacuate the Jews from Germany and in October 1939 the British Government calculated that he had saved 48,000 and had been in the process of issuing papers to 50,000 more when war broke out.[18]

CMG award

His activities assisting Jewish people were carefully documented by the Gestapo and he is named in The Black Book (the Sonderfahndungsliste G.B. or "Special Search List Great Britain"), a list of prominent British residents to be arrested upon the successful invasion of Britain by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Black Book was a product of the SS Einsatzgruppen, compiled by SS-Oberführer Walter Schellenberg, and contained the names of 2,820 people—British subjects and European exiles—living in Britain, who were to be immediately arrested upon the success of Unternehmen Seelöwe (Operation Sea Lion), the invasion, occupation, and annexation of Great Britain to the Third Reich. The book states which German authority each arrested person was to be handed to and Smallbones was required by Department IVE4 of the Gestapo.[19]

Smallbones was posthumously awarded the medal of a British Hero of the Holocaust.[20][21]

Wartime years

The Smallbones family sailed from London aboard the passenger liner SS Avila Star on 20 December 1939 bound for Brazil.[22] From 11 January 1940 until he retired in 1945 he was Consul-General at Sao Paulo in Brazil.[23]

Smallbones was appointed a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George on 2 June 1943 for his service as Consul-General at Sao Paulo.[24]

After his retirement in 1945 Smallbones and his wife settled in Brazil and occasionally visited England aboard RMS Andes.[25]

Family life

He married Inga Gjertson (1890–1988) of Kinn, Norway and they had a son (Robert Peter) and a daughter (Irene, born 1919 in Stavanger, Norway).[26] Their son Lieutenant Robert Peter Smallbones, General List, died on 17 May 1941 in Egypt serving with the Eighth Army; he is buried at Cairo War Cemetery.[27]

Smallbones died on 29 May 1976 in São Paulo, Brazil.[28]

Honours and awards

Commemoration

A plaque to Smallbones and his vice-consul Arthur Dowden was unveiled in 2013 by John Bercow, the Speaker of the House of Commons, on the green fronting of one of London's largest Jewish cemeteries in Golders Green.[33]

A similar plaque was unveiled in Frankfurt.[34][35]

A plaque at the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London, unveiled on 20 November 2008 naming him and seven other British diplomats who had worked to assist Jewish refugees.[36]

References

  1. ↑ "No. 28431". The London Gazette. 1 November 1910. p. 7816.
  2. ↑ The Times (London) – 4/11/2011 -Robert Smallbones
  3. ↑ Miers (1989), p.423
  4. ↑ "No. 12765". The Edinburgh Gazette. 26 January 1915. p. 150.
  5. ↑ "No. 31802". The London Gazette. 2 March 1920. p. 2454.
  6. ↑ "No. 327493". The London Gazette. 22 September 1922. p. 6769.
  7. ↑ Protheroe (2006), various
  8. ↑ "No. 33139". The London Gazette. 5 March 1926. p. 1642.
  9. ↑ "No. 14376". The Edinburgh Gazette. 23 September 1927. p. 1083.
  10. ↑ "No. 33749". The London Gazette. 1 September 1931. p. 5688.
  11. ↑ Fraser (2012), p.127
  12. ↑ BBC Today – 20 November 2008 – Robert Smallbones
  13. ↑ Boehling (2011), p.134
  14. ↑ Totallyjewish – Robert Smallbones
  15. ↑ Smith (2013), p.28
  16. ↑ The Jewish Chronicle, 24 October 2013. R T Smallbones CMG MBE
  17. ↑ Westminster Abbey – Robert Smallbones
  18. ↑ Number of Jewish refugees saved by Smallbones
  19. ↑ Imperial War Museum, London. Schellenberg- Sonderfahndungsliste G.B.
  20. ↑ Award to R T Smallbones
  21. ↑ The Independent – 7 November 2013 – Robert Smallbones
  22. ↑ National Archives (London). Passenger Lists December 1939
  23. ↑ "No. 34831". The London Gazette. 16 April 1940. p. 2240.
  24. ↑ "No. 36033". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 May 1943. p. 2421.
  25. ↑ National Archives (London). Passenger Lists, August 1954.
  26. ↑ National Archives (London), Outward Passenger Lists, December 1939
  27. ↑ Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Lieut. R P Smallbones
  28. ↑ National Archives (London). British Deaths Overseas, 1976
  29. ↑ "No. 36033". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 May 1943. p. 2421.
  30. ↑ Who Was Who, 1971–80
  31. ↑ Award to R T Smallbones
  32. ↑ Helen Fry.com – British diplomats honoured
  33. ↑ The Jewish Chronicle, 24 October 2013. R T Smallbones CMG MBE
  34. ↑ Association of Jewish Refugees – Plaque to Smallbones and Dowden
  35. ↑ Foursquare.com – Gedenkplatte
  36. ↑ Sarachi – Plaque naming Smallbones

Bibliography

  • Protheroe, Gerald J (2006). Searching for Security in a New Europe. Frank Cass publishing. ASIN B017QCIF5G.
  • Boehling, Rebecca (2011). Life and Loss in the Shadow of the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521899915.
  • Fraser, Gordon (2012). The Quantum Exodus. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199592152.
  • Smith, Lyn (2013). Heroes of the Holocaust. Ebury Press. ISBN 0091940680.
  • Miers, Suzanne (1989). The End of Slavery in Africa. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299115542.
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