Richard Diebenkorn

Richard Diebenkorn
Richard Diebenkorn in 1986
Born	(1922-04-22)April 22, 1922 Portland, Oregon
Died	March 30, 1993(1993-03-30) (aged 70) Berkeley, California
Nationality	American
Known for	Painting
Movement	Bay Area Figurative Movement, abstract expressionism, Color Field painting, lyrical abstraction

Richard Diebenkorn Ocean Park No. 67, 1973, Oil on canvas, 100 × 81 in. Art critic Michael Kimmelman described Richard Diebenkorn, as one of the premier American painters of the postwar era, whose deeply lyrical abstractions evoked the shimmering light and wide-open spaces of California, where he spent virtually his entire life. ^[1]

Richard Diebenkorn (April 22, 1922 – March 30, 1993) was an American painter and printmaker. His early work is associated with abstract expressionism and the Bay Area Figurative Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. In the late-1960's he began his extensive series of geometric, lyrical abstract paintings. Known as the Ocean Park paintings, these paintings were instrumental to his achievement of worldwide acclaim.

Biography

Richard Clifford Diebenkorn Jr. was born on April 22, 1922, in Portland, Oregon. His family moved to San Francisco, California, when he was two years old. From the age of four or five he was continually drawing.^[2] In 1940, Diebenkorn entered Stanford University, where he met his first two artistic mentors, professor and muralist Victor Arnautoff, who guided Diebenkorn in classical formal discipline with oil paint; and Daniel Mendelowitz, with whom he shared a passion for the work of Edward Hopper.^[3] Hopper's influence can be seen in Diebenkorn's representational work of this time. It was also during this time that he met Phyllis Antoinette Gilman.They were married in 1942^[4]

Diebenkorn served in the United States Marine Corps from 1943 to 1945.^[5] During the late 1940s and early 1950s, he lived and worked in various places: San Francisco and Sausalito (1946–47 and 1947–50), Woodstock, New York (1947), Albuquerque, New Mexico (1950–52), Urbana, Illinois (1952–53), and Berkeley, California (1953–1966).^[6] He developed his own style of abstract expressionist painting. After WWII, the focus of the art world shifted from the School of Paris to the US and in particular to the New York School. In 1946, Diebenkorn enrolled as a student in the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco, now known as the San Francisco Art Institute which was developing its own vigorous style of abstract expressionism. In 1947, after ten months in Woodstock on an Alfred Bender travel grant, Diebenkorn had returned to the CSFA, where he adopted abstract expressionism as his vehicle for self-expression. He was offered a place on the CSFA Faculty in 1947 and taught there until 1950. He was influenced at first by Clyfford Still, who also taught at the CSFA from 1946 to 1950, Arshile Gorky, Hassel Smith and Willem de Kooning. He became a leading abstract expressionist on the west coast. In 1950 to 1952, Diebenkorn was enrolled under the G.I. Bill in the University of New Mexico’s graduate Fine Arts department where he continued to adapt his abstract expressionist style.^[7]

For the academic year 1952–53, Richard Diebenkorn took a faculty position at the University of Illinois in Urbana where he taught painting and drawing. In November and December of 1952 he had his first solo exhibit at a commercial art gallery, the Paul Kantor Gallery in Los Angeles, California.^[8]

In September of 1953 Diebenkorn moved to back to the San Francisco Bay Area from New York City, where he had spent the summer.^[9] He established his home in Berkeley, California, and lived there until 1966. It was during the first few years of this period that Diebenkorn abandoned his strict adherence to abstract expressionism and began to work in a more representational style. By the mid-1950s, Diebenkorn had become an important figurative painter, in a style that bridged Henri Matisse with abstract expressionism. Diebenkorn, Elmer Bischoff, Henry Villierme, David Park, James Weeks and others participated in a renaissance of figurative painting, dubbed the Bay Area Figurative Movement. His subject matter of this period includes interiors, landscapes, still lifes, as well as the human figure.

Diebenkorn began to have a measure of success with his art work during this period. He was included in several group shows as well as had several solo exhibits.^[10] In 1960 a mid-career retrospective is presented by the Pasadena Art Museum (now the Norton Simon Museum). Later, that fall the a variation of the show moved to the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco.^[11]

It was In the summer of 1961, while he was a visiting instructor at UCLA , that Diebenkorn first became acquainted with printmaking when his graduate assistant introduced him to the printmaking technique of drypoint.^[12] Also, while in Southern California, was a guest at Tamarind Lithography Workshop (now the Tamarind Institute) where he worked on suite of prints which were completed in 1962.^[13]

Upon his return to Berkeley in the Fall of 1961, he began seriously exploring drypoint and printmaking with Kathan Brown at her newly established fine arts printing press, Crown Point Press. In 1965 Crown Point Press printed and published an edition of 13 bound volumes and 12 unbound folios of Diebenkorn's first suite of prints, 41 Etchings Drypoints (this project was the first publication of Crown Point's catalogue). Diebenkorn would not do any more etching again until 1977 when Brown renewed there artistic relationship. From then, until 1992, Diebenkorn returned almost yearly to Crown Point Press to produce work.^[12]

It was also in the Fall of 1961 that Diebenkorn became a faculty member at the San Francisco Art Institute where he taught periodically until 1966. He also taught intermittently during these years at a number of other colleges; including California College of Arts and Crafts and Mills College in Oakland, University of Southern California (USC), University of Colorado, Boulder, and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).^[14]

In September, 1963 Diebenkorn was named first Artist-In-Residence at Stanford University in Palo Alto California (until June 1964). His only responsibility in this position was to produce art in a university provided studio. Students were allowed to visit him in the studio during scheduled times. Though he created few paintings during his time at Stanford, he did produce a prolific number of drawings. Stanford presented an extensive show of these drawings at the end of his residency.^[15]

From Fall 1964 to Spring 1965, Diebenkorn traveled through Europe and he was granted a cultural visa to visit important Soviet museums and view their holdings of Matisse's paintings. When he returned to painting in the Bay Area in mid-1965, his resulting works summed up all that he had learned from more than a decade as a leading figurative painter.^[16]

The Henri Matisse paintings French Window at Collioure, and View of Notre-Dame^[17] both from 1914 exerted tremendous influence on Richard Diebenkorn's Ocean Park paintings. According to art historian Jane Livingston, Diebenkorn saw both Matisse paintings in an exhibition in Los Angeles in 1966 and they had an enormous impact on him and his work.^[18] Livingston says about the January 1966 Matisse exhibition that Diebenkorn saw in Los Angeles:

It is difficult not to ascribe enormous weight to this experience for the direction his work took from that time on. Two pictures he saw there reverberate in almost every Ocean Park canvas. View of Notre Dame and French Window at Collioure, both painted in 1914, were on view for the first time in the US.^[18]

Livingston goes on to say "Diebenkorn must have experienced French Window at Collioure as an epiphany."^[19]

In September of 1966, Diebenkorn moved to Santa Monica and took up a professorship at UCLA. He moved into a small studio space in the same building as his old friend from the Bay Area, Sam Francis. In the winter of 1966–67 he returned to abstraction, this time in a distinctly personal, geometric style that clearly departed from his early abstract expressionist period. The "Ocean Park" series, begun in 1967 and developed for the next 18 years, became his most famous work and resulted in approximately 135 paintings. Based on the aerial landscape and perhaps the view from the window of his studio, these large-scale abstract compositions are named after a community in Santa Monica, where he had his studio.^[20] Diebenkorn retired from UCLA in 1973. The Ocean Park series bridges his earlier abstract expressionist works with color field painting and lyrical abstraction.

In 1986, Diebenkorn decided to leave Santa Monica and Southern California. After traveling and looking around several different areas in the western United States, in 1988, Diebenkorn and his wife settled in Healdsburg, California where he built a new studio. In 1989 he began suffering serious health issues related to heart disease. Though still producing prints,drawings and smaller paintings, his poor health prevented him from completing larger paintings.^[21] 1990, Diebenkorn produced a series of six etchings for the Arion Press edition of "Poems of W. B. Yeats", with poems selected and introduced by Helen Vendler.

Diebenkorn died due to complications from emphysema in Berkeley on March 30, 1993.

Exhibitions

Diebenkorn had his first show at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco 1948. The first important retrospective of his work took place at the Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, in 1976–77; the show then traveled to Washington, D.C., Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and Oakland. In 1989 John Elderfield, then curator at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, organized a show of Diebenkorn’s works on paper, which constituted an important part of his production.^[22]

In 2012, the exhibition, Richard Diebenkorn: The Ocean Park Series, curated by Sarah C. Bancroft, traveled to the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, the Orange County Museum of Art, and the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.^[23]

Major recent shows in the San Francisco Bay Area have included Diebenkorn: The Berkeley Years, July-September 29, 2013, at the De Young Museum, San Francisco; an exhibition of small works at the Sonoma Valley Museum of Art, in the town of Sonoma, CA, June 6 through August 23, 2015; and Matisse/Diebenkorn, a major show highlighting Matisses's influence on Richard Diebenkorn, at San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, from March 11 to May 29, 2017.

Collections

Diebenkorn's work can be found in a number of public collections including the New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico;^[24] Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, Hawaii;^[25] Albertina, Vienna, Austria; Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago; Baltimore Museum of Art; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; the de Young Museum, San Francisco;^[6] Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Minneapolis Institute of Art; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas; Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.^[26] The Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University is home to 29 of Diebenkorn's sketchbooks as well as a collection of paintings and other works on paper.^[27]

Recognition

In 1991, Diebenkorn was awarded the National Medal of Arts.^[28] In 1979, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1982.

Art market

In 2012, Diebenkorn’s Ocean Park #48 painted in 1971 became the most expensive picture by the artist ever auctioned when it went for $13.25 million at Christie's New York, dwarfing the previous record set at Christie’s when an Ocean Park #48 painted in 1980 made $7.69 million.^[29] At a Sotheby's sale of Rachel Lambert Mellon's private collection, Italian fashion designer Valentino Garavani bought Ocean Park #89 (1975), an abstract image of a sunset, for $9.68 million.^[30]

References

Sources

• Jane Livingston, The Art of Richard Diebenkorn, with essays by John Elderfield, Ruth E. Fine, and Jane Livingston. The Whitney Museum of American Art, 1997, ISBN 0-520-21257-6
• Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) ISBN 0-9677994-1-4. p. 102–105
• Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless. (New York School Press, 2009.) ISBN 978-0-9677994-2-1. p. 80–83
• Bancroft, Sarah, Richard Diebenkorn: The Ocean Park Series. Newport Beach: Orange County Museum of Art, 2012, ISBN 978-3-7913-5138-4

Further reading

• Nancy Marmer, "Richard Diebenkorn: Pacific Extensions," Art in America, January/February 1978, pp. 95–99.
• Gerald Nordland (1987). Richard Diebenkorn. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847823482.

External links

• Richard Diebenkorn Foundation
• Richarddiebenkorn.net
• Richard Diebenkorn Artwork Examples on AskART.