Rhizome Manoeuvre

Rhizome Manoeuvre is a key concept in contemporary Terrorist Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.

Definition

Rhizome Manoeuvre is a combat technique, specifically designed to achieve 'surprise', as a tactical effect.[1]

  • It is a tactical technique used in urban combat, to effectively strike a sudden blow at the opponent from an unexpected direction.[2]
  • A Rhizome Manoeuvre is the application of an urban combat technique, that is performed by moving forces, and has been called a strategy of ‘walking through walls'.[3]
  • Conceptually, it treats the built environment as a flexible, almost liquid medium, forever-in-flux.[4]

However, the criticism of writers such as Eyal Weizman,[5] and Flaherty,[6] emphasize the realities of moving through the urban built environment executing a rhizome manoeuvre, requires a force to assemble behind walls, under floors, or overhead on rooftops (using explosives, drills or hammers if necessary) in order to break through.

Key concepts

The key concepts of a Rhizome Manoeuvre, involves small decentralized forces:[7]

  • Moving at speed.
  • Through the three dimensional urban space as if it is without walls, floors, or ceilings outside of the normal linear routes, such as streets, doors, windows, and stairs that make up buildings.

In essence, Rhizome Manoeuvre is movement unobserved, and unexpected, and is based on tactical concepts such as:

Developing the tactical concept

In developing the tactical concept of Rhizome Manoeuvre, the Rhizome observed in nature, such as the complex movement of plant root structures, where these work their way through soil, has been seen as analogous to the movement of a combat unit though complex urban built-up environments; and used as a way to explain the key tactical ideas of a Rhizome Manoeuvre.[10]

Historical origin

Infiltration tactics, used in World War I, by assault parties have been identified as an early development of Rhizome manoeuvre.[11] As this involved small units of troops moving toward, and through opposing trenches, through infiltration of various weak points, in order to launch surprise attacks overwhelming the defenders. During the Battle of Ortona, the Canadian Army developed a tactic known as mouse-holing, which involved using anti-tank weapons to blast holes through walls of adjacent buildings, allowing the assaulting forces to advance through the hole into the adjacent space. In 1997, the US Army began to identify future warfare concepts, such as Rhizome manoeuvre, describing: "Future land combat units will exploit terrain by maneuvering for tactical advantage within the folds and undulations of the earth's surface without suffering the restrictions imposed on mobility by contact with the ground."[12]

Use by the Israel Defense Forces

Various application of Rhizome Manoeuvre, have been developed by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), during its operations; these have been the subject of critical analysis by Eyal Weizman, in particular his essay on Lethal Theory, which appeared as a chapter in his 2007 book Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation, as "Urban Warfare: Walking Through Walls" (pp 185–221).[13] In this work, Weizman interviewed senior IDF officers, involved in the Nablus Manoeuvre (April 2002), where they described IDF tactical concepts such as Rhizome Manoeuvre; as well, Weizman collected accounts from civilians who experienced these events. This work, was first presented in Weizman's 2006 article 'Lethal Theory'.[14][15][16]

Application in urban combat

The application of Rhizome maneuvering, by a combat forces has been likened to:

References

  1. ↑ Sullivan, J.P. Elkus, A. (2009) Postcard From Mumbai: Modern Urban Siege. Small Wars Journal (16 February 2009). URL: http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/postcard-from-mumbai
  2. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2010) Command, Influence and Information in 3D Tactics. Journal of Information Warfare. (9)1: 18-31.
  3. ↑ EIPCO: European Institute for Progressive Cultural Policies. (2007) Eyal Weizman: Walking Through Walls. URL: http://eipcp.net/transversal/0507/weizman/en
  4. ↑ Sullivan, J.P. Elkus, A. (2009) Postcard From Mumbai: Modern Urban Siege. Small Wars Journal (16 February 2009). URL: http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/postcard-from-mumbai
  5. ↑ Eyal Weizman. (2007) Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation. Verso. URL: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hollow-Land-Israels-Architecture-Occupation/dp/1844678687
  6. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2012) Dangerous Minds: A Monograph on the Relationship Between Beliefs –Behaviours – Tactics. Published by OODA LOOP (7 September 2012). URL: http://www.oodaloop.com/security/2012/09/07/dangerous-minds-the-relationship-between-beliefs-behaviors-and-tactics/
  7. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2010) Command, Influence and Information in 3D Tactics. Journal of Information Warfare. (9)1: 18-31.
  8. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2009) 2D Verses 3D Tactical Supremacy in Urban Operations. Journal of Information Warfare. (8)2: 13-24.
  9. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2009) 2D Verses 3D Tactical Supremacy in Urban Operations. Journal of Information Warfare. (8)2: 13-24.
  10. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2010) Command, Influence and Information in 3D Tactics. Journal of Information Warfare. (9)1: 18-31.
  11. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2010) Command, Influence and Information in 3D Tactics. Journal of Information Warfare. (9)1: 18-31.
  12. ↑ The Annual Report on The Army After Next (AAN) Project, July 1997 (August 1, 1997).
  13. ↑ Eyal Weizman. (2007) Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation. Verso. URL: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hollow-Land-Israels-Architecture-Occupation/dp/1844678687
  14. ↑ Eyal Weizman. Lethal Theory. URL: http://www.skor.nl/_files/Files/OPEN18_P80-99%281%29.pdf
  15. ↑ EIPCO: European Institute for Progressive Cultural Policies. (2007) Eyal Weizman: Walking Through Walls. URL: http://eipcp.net/transversal/0507/weizman/en
  16. ↑ Sullivan, J.P. Elkus, A. (2009) Postcard From Mumbai: Modern Urban Siege. Small Wars Journal (16 February 2009). URL: http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/postcard-from-mumbai
  17. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2008) 3D Tactics and Information Deception. Journal of Information Warfare. (7)2: 49- 58.
  18. ↑ Flaherty, C. (2009) 2D Verses 3D Tactical Supremacy in Urban Operations. Journal of Information Warfare. (8)2: 13-24.
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