Rhacophorus
| Rhacophorus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Malabar gliding frog (Rhacophorus malabaricus) Note the elongated toes with prominent webbing. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Subclass: | Lissamphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Suborder: | Neobatrachia |
| Family: | Rhacophoridae |
| Subfamily: | Rhacophorinae |
| Genus: | Rhacophorus Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822 |
| Species | |
|
About 80, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Leptomantis Peters, 1867 | |
Rhacophorus is a genus of frogs in the shrub frog family (Rhacophoridae) which together with the related Hylidae makes up the true tree frogs. They live in India, Japan, Madagascar, Africa, and Southeast Asia. "Amphibian Species of the World 5.6" lists 81 species.[1]
These frogs have long toes with strong webbing between them, enabling the animals to slow their fall to a glide, a form of arboreal locomotion known as 'parachuting'.[2] They are therefore among the anurans commonly known as "flying frogs".
The present genus is closely related to Polypedates, which in former times was often included in Rhacophorus. Even today, it is not fully resolved in which of these genera "P." feae and the Chinese flying frog ("R." dennysi) properly belong, and the supposedly new species "P. pingbianensis" has turned out to be the same as R. duboisi.
Foam nest of Rhacophorus arboreus
Reproduction
These frogs lay their eggs in aerial foam nests; upon hatching, tadpoles drop to the water under the nest and complete their development there.[3][4]
Species
There are 82 species in the genus:[1][5]
- Rhacophorus achantharrhena Harvey, Pemberton, and Smith, 2002
- Rhacophorus angulirostris Ahl, 1927
- Rhacophorus annamensis Smith, 1924 – Annam flying frog
- Rhacophorus arboreus (Okada and Kawano, 1924)
- Rhacophorus arvalis Lue, Lai, and Chen, 1995
- Rhacophorus aurantiventris Lue, Lai, and Chen, 1994
- Rhacophorus baluensis Inger, 1954
- Rhacophorus barisani Harvey, Pemberton, and Smith, 2002
- Rhacophorus belalongensis Dehling and Grafe, 2008
- Rhacophorus bifasciatus Van Kampen, 1923
- Rhacophorus bimaculatus (Peters, 1867)
- Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927 (including R. htunwini)
- Rhacophorus burmanus (Andersson, 1939)
- Rhacophorus calcadensis Ahl, 1927 – Kalakad gliding frog
- Rhacophorus calcaneus Smith, 1924
- Rhacophorus catamitus Harvey, Pemberton, and Smith, 2002
- Rhacophorus chenfui Liu, 1945
- Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus Manthey and Steiof, 1998 – blue-spotted tree frog
- Rhacophorus dennysi Blanford, 1881 – Chinese flying frog, Chinese gliding frog (sometimes in Polypedates)
- Rhacophorus dorsoviridis Bourret, 1937
- Rhacophorus duboisi Ohler, Marquis, Swan, and Grosjean, 2000 (including R. pingbianensis)
- Rhacophorus dugritei (David, 1872)
- Rhacophorus dulitensis Boulenger, 1892 – jade tree frog
- Rhacophorus edentulus Müller, 1894
- Rhacophorus exechopygus Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999
- Rhacophorus fasciatus Boulenger, 1895
- Rhacophorus feae Boulenger, 1893
- Rhacophorus gadingensis Das & Haas, 2005
- Rhacophorus gauni (Inger, 1966)
- Rhacophorus georgii Roux, 1904
- Rhacophorus harrissoni Inger and Haile, 1959
- Rhacophorus helenae Rowley, Tran, Hoang & Le, 2012[5] – Helen's tree frog
- Rhacophorus hoanglienensis Orlov, Lathrop, Murphy, and Ho, 2001
- Rhacophorus hongchibaensis Li, Liu, Chen, Wu, Murphy, Zhao, Wang, and Zhang, 2012
- Rhacophorus hui Liu, 1945
- Rhacophorus hungfuensis Liu and Hu, 1961
- Rhacophorus indonesiensis Hamidy & Kurniati, 2015
- Rhacophorus jarujini Matsui & Panha, 2006
- Rhacophorus kajau Dring, 1983
- Rhacophorus kio Ohler & Delorme, 2005 – black-webbed treefrog
- Rhacophorus laoshan Mo, Jiang, Xie, and Ohler, 2008
- Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger, 1883
- Rhacophorus leucofasciatus Liu and Hu, 1962
- Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, 1870 – Malabar gliding frog
- Rhacophorus margaritifer (Schlegel, 1837)
- Rhacophorus marmoridorsum Orlov, 2008
- Rhacophorus maximus Günther, 1858
- Rhacophorus minimus Rao, Wilkinson & Liu, 2006
- Rhacophorus modestus Boulenger, 1920
- Rhacophorus moltrechti Boulenger, 1908
- Rhacophorus monticola Boulenger, 1896
- Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Boulenger, 1895 – Wallace's flying frog
- Rhacophorus omeimontis (Stejneger, 1924)
- Rhacophorus orlovi Ziegler and Köhler, 2001
- Rhacophorus owstoni (Stejneger, 1907)
- Rhacophorus pardalis Günther, 1858 – harlequin tree frog
- Rhacophorus penanorum Dehling, 2008
- Rhacophorus poecilonotus Boulenger, 1920
- Rhacophorus prasinatus Mou, Risch, and Lue, 1983
- Rhacophorus prominanus Smith, 1924 – Malayan flying frog
- Rhacophorus pseudacutirostris Dehling, 2011
- Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus Vasudevan and Dutta, 2000
- Rhacophorus puerensis (He, 1999)
- Rhacophorus reinwardtii (Schlegel, 1840) – black-webbed tree frog, green flying frog, Reinwardt's tree frog
- Rhacophorus rhodopus Liu and Hu, 1960 (including R. namdaphaensis, often included in R. bipunctatus)
- Rhacophorus robertingeri Orlov, Poyarkov, Vassilieva, Ananjeva, Nguyen, Sang, and Geissler, 2012
- Rhacophorus robinsonii Boulenger, 1903 – Robinson's tree frog
- Rhacophorus rufipes Inger, 1966
- Rhacophorus schlegelii (Günther, 1858)
- Rhacophorus spelaeus Orlov, Gnophanxay, Phimminith, and Phomphoumy, 2010
- Rhacophorus subansiriensis Mathew and Sen, 2009
- Rhacophorus suffry Bordoloi, Bortamuli, and Ohler, 2007
- Rhacophorus taipeianus Liang and Wang, 1978 – Taipei tree frog
- Rhacophorus translineatus Wu, 1977
- Rhacophorus tuberculatus (Anderson, 1871)
- Rhacophorus turpes Smith, 1940
- Rhacophorus vampyrus Rowley, Le, Thi, Stuart, and Hoang, 2010 – vampire tree frog
- Rhacophorus verrucopus Huang, 1983
- Rhacophorus viridis (Hallowell, 1861)
- Rhacophorus wui Li, Liu, Chen, Wu, Murphy, Zhao, Wang, and Zhang, 2012
- Rhacophorus yaoshanensis Liu and Hu, 1962
- Rhacophorus yinggelingensis Chou, Lau, and Chan, 2007
Phylogeny
The following phylogeny of Rhacophorus is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).[6] 24 species are included. Rhacophorus is a sister group of Polypedates.[6]
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References
- 1 2 Frost, Darrel R. (2013). "Rhacophorus". Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
- ↑ John R. Hutchinson. "Gliding and Parachuting". www.ucmp.berkeley.edu. Regents of the University of California.
- ↑ Grosjean, S.; Delorme, M.; Dubois, A.; Ohler, A. (2008). "Evolution of reproduction in the Rhacophoridae (Amphibia, Anura)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 46 (2): 169. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00451.x.
- ↑ Li, Jiatang; Dingqi Rao; Robert W. Murphy; Yaping Zhang (2011). "The systematic status of rhacophorid frogs" (PDF). Asian Herpetological Research. 2: 1–11. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00001.
- 1 2 Rowley, J. J. L.; Tran, D. T. A.; Hoang, H. D.; Le, D. T. T. (2012). "A new species of large flying frog (Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus) from lowland forests in southern Vietnam". Journal of Herpetology. 46 (4): 480–487. doi:10.1670/11-261.
- 1 2 R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
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